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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medinfo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Актуальные проблемы теоретической и клинической медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Actual Problems of Theoretical and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2790-1289</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-1297</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.64854/2790-1289-2026-52-2-10</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medinfo-1026</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>РОЛЬ ИММУННЫХ КЛЕТОК ПРИ РАКЕ ПЕЧЕНИ, СВЯЗАННОЙ С ОЖИРЕНИЕМ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE ROLE OF IMMUNE CELLS IN OBESITY-RELATED LIVER CANCER</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8164-2871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабыр</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sabyr</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> 1)Магистрант 2 курса по специальности 7М05102- Биомедицина.НАО «Казахский национальный университет им. Аль-Фараби», Алматы, Республика Казахстан</p><p>2)Лаборант. Лаборатория иммунологии и иммунобиотехнологии, институт молекулярной биологии и биохимии имени М.А. Айтхожина</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>2nd-year MSs student in the specialty "Biomedicine," Al-Farabi Kazakh National University"</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bolatsabyr2002@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-7824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нұршат</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurshat</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Immunology and Immunobiotechnology, M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ka­zakhstan, Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nurshata@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3771-423X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Остапчук</surname><given-names>Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostapchuk</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ka­zakhstan, Almaty</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katyostapchuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-5521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарипов</surname><given-names>К. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharipov</surname><given-names>K. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">Shkamalidin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии и биохимии М.А. Айтхожина,&#13;
НАО «Казахский национальный университет им. Аль-Фараби»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, &#13;
Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии и биохимии М.А. Айтхожина<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistr<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии и биохимии М.А. Айтхожина<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty,           Kazakhstan;<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии и биохимии М.А. Айтхожина<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>1026</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сабыр Б., Нұршат А., Остапчук Е., Шарипов К., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сабыр Б., Нұршат А., Остапчук Е., Шарипов К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sabyr B., Nurshat A., Ostapchuk Y., Sharipov K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/1026">https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/1026</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Ожирение является установленным независимым фактором риска развития гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы – третьей по значимости причины смертности от онкологических заболеваний в мире. В Казахстане, где ожирением страдает более 20% взрослого населения, а заболеваемость раком печени неуклонно растёт, данная связь приобретает особую значимость для общественного здравоохранения. Несмотря на хорошо задокументированную эпидемиологическую взаимосвязь, механизмы, посредством которых ожирение нарушает противоопухолевый иммунитет и перестраивает микроокружение печени, остаются недостаточно изученными. В настоящем обзоре анализируется, каким образом популяции врождённого и адаптивного иммунитета подвергаются функциональному ремоделированию на протяжении континуума от неалкогольной жировой болезни печени до гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы в условиях хронического метаболического стресса.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: Анализ современных научных данных о роли иммунных и воспалительных механизмов в развитии рака печени в контексте ожирения, а также систематизация сведений о том, каким образом метаболические нарушения влияют на противоопухолевый иммунный ответ и микроокружение печени.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы: Систематический поиск литературы проводился в международных базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus и Web of Science и охватывал международные и отечественные публикации за период с 2000 по 2026 год.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты и обсуждение</title><p>Результаты и обсуждение: Гепатоцеллюлярной карцинома, ассоциированная с ожирением, развивается через прогрессирующий иммунометаболический каскад, при котором висцеральная жировая ткань формирует иммуносупрессивную микросреду – за счёт экспансии супрессорных клеток миелоидного происхождения (Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, MDSC), дисфункции NK-клеток и истощения CD8+ T-лимфоцитов – ещё до начала злокачественной трансформации. Регуляторные T-клетки (Tregs) истощаются в жировой ткани при ожирении, однако накапливаются при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме; активация NK-клеток при неалкогольном стеатогепатите приводит к повреждению гепатоцитов, а не к противоопухолевой защите. Определяющим фактором патологического исхода является функциональное состояние поляризации клеток, а не их количественная представленность</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: Ожирение способствует развитию гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы через хроническое воспаление жировой ткани, инсулинорезистентность и метаболическое перепрограммирование опухолевого микроокружения, что приводит к истощению цитотоксических CD8⁺ T-клеток и NK-клеток при одновременном расширении иммуносупрессивных Treg и MDSC. Прогрессирование рака печени определяется не только вирусными или токсическими факторами, но и вызванным ожирением иммунным дисбалансом, при котором системный метаболический стресс становится ключевым фактором, способствующим ускользанию опухоли от иммунного надзора.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title> Introduction</title><p> Introduction: Obesity is an established independent risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. In Kazakhstan, where obesity affects over 20% of the adult population and liver cancer incidence has risen steadily, this association carries urgent public health significance. Despite a well-documented epidemiological link, the mechanisms by which obesity undermines antitumor immunity and reshapes the hepatic microenvironment remain incompletely characterized. This review analyses how innate and adaptive immune populations are remodeled across the NAFLD-to-HCC continuum under chronic metabolic stress.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: Analysis of current scientific evidence on the role of immune and inflammatory mechanisms in the development of liver cancer in the context of obesity, and systematization of data on how metabolic disturbances influence antitumor immune responses and the hepatic microenvironment.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods:  A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering international and domestic publications from 2000 to 2026.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion: Obesity-associated HCC develops through a progressive immunometabolic cascade in which visceral adipose tissue assembles an immunosuppressive microenvironment – via expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), NK cell dysfunction, and CD8⁺ T cell exhaustion – before malignant transformation occurs. Tregs are depleted in obese adipose tissue yet accumulate in HCC; NK cell activation in NASH drives hepatocyte damage rather than tumor protection. Functional polarisation state, not cellular abundance, determines the pathological outcome.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions: Obesity promotes HCC through chronic adipose inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, exhausting cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells while expanding immunosuppressive Tregs and MDSCs. Liver cancer progression is driven not only by viral or toxic factors but by obesity-induced immune imbalance in which systemic metabolic stress becomes a key enabler of tumor immune evasion.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>рак печени</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома</kwd><kwd>неалкогольной жировой болезни печени.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Obesity</kwd><kwd>liver cancer</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd><kwd>hepatocellular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This study was conducted within the framework of a research project funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan BR27195585 «Creation of new domestic test systems and search for potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of socially significant diseases».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Obesity Federation. 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