<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medinfo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Актуальные проблемы теоретической и клинической медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Actual Problems of Theoretical and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2790-1289</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-1297</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.64854/2790-1289-2026-52-2-12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medinfo-1105</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О СТАРЧЕСКОЙ АСТЕНИИ У ПОЖИЛЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CURRENT EVIDENCE ON FRAILTY IN OLDER ADULTS: A LITERATURE REVIEW</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2459-8971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>X.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">wangxingrangg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-9444</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзуллина</surname><given-names>К. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Faizullina</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kamila.aaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-4522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имаматдинова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Imamatdinova</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">azizaimamatdinova0@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НАО «Казахский Национальный университет имени Аль-Фараби»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">NPJSC «Al-Farabi Kazakh National Medical University»<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">РГП на ПХВ «Научный национальный центр развития здравоохранения имени Салидат Каирбековой»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">RSE REM «Salidat Kairbekova National Research Center for Health Development»<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">НАО «Казахский Национальный медицинский университет имени С. Д. Асфендиярова»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">NPJSC «Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University»<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>1105</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Wang X., Файзуллина К., Имаматдинова А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Файзуллина К., Имаматдинова А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Wang X., Faizullina K., Imamatdinova A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/1105">https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/1105</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Старческая астения является распространенным гериатрическим синдромом, который ассоциирован со снижением функциональных возможностей и высоким риском неблагоприятных исходов. По данным исследований, её распространенность среди лиц старше 50 лет составляет в среднем 17.4 %, тогда как пред-астения достигает 49.3 %. В Республике Казахстан проблема старческой астении остается недостаточно изученной, несмотря на рост доли пожилого населения и высокую распространенность хронических заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: анализ современных данных о старческой астении у пожилых людей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ научной литературы по распространенности, факторам риска и диагностике старческой астении. Поиск выполнен в базах PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar за 2010-2025 гг. Включены статьи на русском и английском языках, посвященные старческой астении у пожилых, исключены нерелевантные и дублирующие публикации.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Старческая астения – представляет собой синдром со стадийным и динамическим течением. Выделяют три стадии: нормальное состояние, пред-астению и выраженную астению. Было выявлено, что распространенность синдрома варьируется от 10 % до 24 % в зависимости от популяции, достигая около 20 % в странах Азии и снижалась до 7-8 % в отдельных странах. Пред-астения встречается значительно чаще и может достигать 40-50 %. Наибольшая распространенность отмечается у лиц, с мультиморбидностью и в странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода. К основным факторам риска относятся пожилой возраст, мультиморбидность, низкая физическая активность, недостаточное питание, когнитивные нарушения и социальная изоляция.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Старческая астения является распространенным и клинически значимым синдромом, который оказывает существенное влияние на здоровье и качество жизни пожилых людей. Высокая вариабельность распространенности и многофакторный характер развития требует комплексного подхода к диагностике и профилактике.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome associated with decreased functional capacity and a high risk of adverse outcomes. According to studies, its prevalence among individuals aged 50 years and older averages 17.4 %, while pre-frailty prevalence reaches 49.3 %. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the issue of frailty remains insufficiently studied despite the growing proportion of older adults and the high prevalence of chronic diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: analysis of current data on frailty in older adults.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. A review of the scientific literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and diagnostic methods of frailty in older adults was conducted. The search was performed in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the period 2010-2025. Articles in Russian and English focusing on frailty in older adults were included; irrelevant and duplicate publications were excluded.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Frailty is a syndrome with a staged and dynamic course. Three stages are distinguished: robust, pre-frailty, and frailty. The prevalence of the syndrome varies from 10 % to 24 % depending on the population, reaching about 20 % in Asian countries and decreasing to 7-8 % in some countries. Pre-frailty is more common and may reach 40-50 %. The highest prevalence is observed among individuals with multimorbidity and in low- and middle-income countries. The main risk factors include advanced age, multimorbidity, low physical activity, poor nutrition, cognitive impairment, and social isolation.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Frailty is a common and clinically significant syndrome that has a substantial impact on the health and quality of life of older adults. The high variability in prevalence and the multifactorial nature of its development require a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and prevention.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старческая астения</kwd><kwd>пожилые люди</kwd><kwd>распространенность</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>диагностика.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>frailty</kwd><kwd>older adults</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>diagnosis.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deng, Y., Zhang, K., Zhu, J., Hu, X., &amp; Liao, R. (2023). Healthy aging, early screening, and interventions for frailty in the elderly. Bioscience Trends, 17(4), 252-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2023.01204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng, Y., Zhang, K., Zhu, J., Hu, X., &amp; Liao, R. (2023). Healthy aging, early screening, and interventions for frailty in the elderly. Bioscience Trends, 17(4), 252-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2023.01204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, X., Mao, G., &amp; Leng, S. X. (2014). Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 433-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S45300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen, X., Mao, G., &amp; Leng, S. X. (2014). Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 433-441. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S45300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoogendijk, E. O., Afilalo, J., Ensrud, K. E., Kowal, P., Onder, G., &amp; Fried, L. P. (2019). Frailty: Implications for clinical practice and public health. The Lancet, 394(10206), 1365-1375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31786-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoogendijk, E. O., Afilalo, J., Ensrud, K. E., Kowal, P., Onder, G., &amp; Fried, L. P. (2019). Frailty: Implications for clinical practice and public health. The Lancet, 394(10206), 1365-1375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31786-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siriwardhana, D. D., Hardoon, S., Rait, G., Weerasinghe, M. C., &amp; Walters, K. R. (2018). Prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 8(3), e018195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siriwardhana, D. D., Hardoon, S., Rait, G., Weerasinghe, M. C., &amp; Walters, K. R. (2018). Prevalence of frailty and prefrailty among community-dwelling older adults in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 8(3), e018195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beard, J. R., Officer, A. M., &amp; Cassels, A. K. (2016). The world report on ageing and health. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl. 2), 163-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw037.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beard, J. R., Officer, A. M., &amp; Cassels, A. K. (2016). The world report on ageing and health. The Gerontologist, 56(Suppl. 2), 163-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw037.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yeskazina, G., Yeshmanova, A., Temirova, G., et al. (2025). Assessing functional independence and associated factors in older populations of Kazakhstan: Implications for long-term care. Healthcare, 13(15), 1878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151878.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yeskazina, G., Yeshmanova, A., Temirova, G., et al. (2025). Assessing functional independence and associated factors in older populations of Kazakhstan: Implications for long-term care. Healthcare, 13(15), 1878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151878.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukasheva, G., Abenova, M., Shaltynov, A., et al. (2022). Incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease in the Republic of Kazakhstan: 2004–2017. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(4), 821-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukasheva, G., Abenova, M., Shaltynov, A., et al. (2022). Incidence and mortality of cardiovascular disease in the Republic of Kazakhstan: 2004–2017. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 51(4), 821-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i4.9243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fierro-Marrero, J., Reina-Varona, Á., Paris-Alemany, A., &amp; La Touche, R. (2025). Frailty in geriatrics: A critical review with content analysis of instruments, overlapping constructs, and challenges in diagnosis and prognostic precision. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(6), 1808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fierro-Marrero, J., Reina-Varona, Á., Paris-Alemany, A., &amp; La Touche, R. (2025). Frailty in geriatrics: A critical review with content analysis of instruments, overlapping constructs, and challenges in diagnosis and prognostic precision. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(6), 1808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14061808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng, Z., Hsu, C. L., Sit, C. H., Wong, S. H., &amp; Yang, Y. (2025). The role of physical activity and physical function in predicting physical frailty transitions in Chinese older adults: Longitudinal observational study from CHARLS. JMIR Aging, 8, e75887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/75887</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng, Z., Hsu, C. L., Sit, C. H., Wong, S. H., &amp; Yang, Y. (2025). The role of physical activity and physical function in predicting physical frailty transitions in Chinese older adults: Longitudinal observational study from CHARLS. JMIR Aging, 8, e75887. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/75887</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allison, R., II, Assadzandi, S., &amp; Adelman, M. (2021). Frailty: Evaluation and management. American Family Physician, 103(4), 219–226. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33587574/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allison, R., II, Assadzandi, S., &amp; Adelman, M. (2021). Frailty: Evaluation and management. American Family Physician, 103(4), 219–226. Retrieved April 12, 2026, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33587574/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kong, L. N., Yang, L., Lyu, Q., Liu, D. X., &amp; Yang, J. (2025). Risk prediction models for frailty in older adults: A systematic review and critical appraisal. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 167, 105068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kong, L. N., Yang, L., Lyu, Q., Liu, D. X., &amp; Yang, J. (2025). Risk prediction models for frailty in older adults: A systematic review and critical appraisal. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 167, 105068. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., &amp; Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet, 381(9868), 752-762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clegg, A., Young, J., Iliffe, S., Rikkert, M. O., &amp; Rockwood, K. (2013). Frailty in elderly people. The Lancet, 381(9868), 752-762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dent, E., Kowal, P., &amp; Hoogendijk, E. O. (2016). Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: A review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 31, 3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2016.03.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dent, E., Kowal, P., &amp; Hoogendijk, E. O. (2016). Frailty measurement in research and clinical practice: A review. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 31, 3-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2016.03.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie, H., Gao, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025). Validation of a frailty phenotype screening questionnaire for rural Chinese older adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 26(1), 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06754-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie, H., Gao, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025). Validation of a frailty phenotype screening questionnaire for rural Chinese older adults: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 26(1), 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06754-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Church, S., Rogers, E., Rockwood, K., &amp; Theou, O. (2020). A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01801-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Church, S., Rogers, E., Rockwood, K., &amp; Theou, O. (2020). A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatrics, 20(1), 393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-020-01801-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbosa da Silva, A., Queiroz de Souza, I., da Silva, I. K., Borges Lopes Tavares da Silva, M., &amp; Oliveira Dos Santos, A. C. (2020). Factors associated with frailty syndrome in older adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health &amp; Aging, 24(2), 218-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1310-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbosa da Silva, A., Queiroz de Souza, I., da Silva, I. K., Borges Lopes Tavares da Silva, M., &amp; Oliveira Dos Santos, A. C. (2020). Factors associated with frailty syndrome in older adults. The Journal of Nutrition, Health &amp; Aging, 24(2), 218-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1310-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falk Erhag, H., Guðnadóttir, G., Alfredsson, J., et al. (2023). The association between the Clinical Frailty Scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 18, 249-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S388160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falk Erhag, H., Guðnadóttir, G., Alfredsson, J., et al. (2023). The association between the Clinical Frailty Scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: A systematic review of the literature. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 18, 249-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S388160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morley, J. E., Malmstrom, T. K., &amp; Miller, D. K. (2012). A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle-aged African Americans. The Journal of Nutrition, Health &amp; Aging, 16(7), 601-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0084-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morley, J. E., Malmstrom, T. K., &amp; Miller, D. K. (2012). A simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle-aged African Americans. The Journal of Nutrition, Health &amp; Aging, 16(7), 601-608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0084-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard, R. M., Boter, H., Schoevers, R. A., &amp; Oude Voshaar, R. C. (2012). Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(8), 1487-1492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard, R. M., Boter, H., Schoevers, R. A., &amp; Oude Voshaar, R. C. (2012). Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(8), 1487-1492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Caoimh, R., Sezgin, D., O’Donovan, M. R., et al. (2021). Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age and Ageing, 50(1), 96-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Caoimh, R., Sezgin, D., O’Donovan, M. R., et al. (2021). Prevalence of frailty in 62 countries across the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-level studies. Age and Ageing, 50(1), 96-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">To, T.-L., Doan, T.-N., Ho, W.-C., &amp; Liao, W.-C. (2022). Prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 10(5), 895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050895.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">To, T.-L., Doan, T.-N., Ho, W.-C., &amp; Liao, W.-C. (2022). Prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling older adults in Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare, 10(5), 895. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10050895.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu, R., Li, Q., Guo, F., et al. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among people in rural areas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11, e043494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu, R., Li, Q., Guo, F., et al. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of frailty among people in rural areas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11, e043494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pradana, A. A., Chiu, H. L., Lin, C. J., &amp; Lee, S. C. (2023). Prevalence of frailty in Indonesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04468-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pradana, A. A., Chiu, H. L., Lin, C. J., &amp; Lee, S. C. (2023). Prevalence of frailty in Indonesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04468-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitter, J. G., Zemplényi, A., Babarczy, B., Németh, B., Kaló, Z., &amp; Vokó, Z. (2024). Frailty prevalence in 42 European countries by age and gender: Development of the SHARE Frailty Atlas for Europe. GeroScience, 46(2), 1807-1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00975-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitter, J. G., Zemplényi, A., Babarczy, B., Németh, B., Kaló, Z., &amp; Vokó, Z. (2024). Frailty prevalence in 42 European countries by age and gender: Development of the SHARE Frailty Atlas for Europe. GeroScience, 46(2), 1807-1824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00975-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murayama, H., Kobayashi, E., Okamoto, S., et al. (2020). National prevalence of frailty in the older Japanese population: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 91, 104220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murayama, H., Kobayashi, E., Okamoto, S., et al. (2020). National prevalence of frailty in the older Japanese population: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 91, 104220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai, S., Li, J., Fang, Y., et al. (2025). Frailty and pre-frailty prevalence in community-dwelling elderly with multimorbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 132, 105782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2025.105782.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai, S., Li, J., Fang, Y., et al. (2025). Frailty and pre-frailty prevalence in community-dwelling elderly with multimorbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 132, 105782. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2025.105782.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deng, Y., Yamauchi, K., Song, P., &amp; Karako, T. (2025). Frailty in older adults: A systematic review of risk factors and early intervention pathways. Intractable &amp; Rare Diseases Research, 14(2), 93-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2025.01026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng, Y., Yamauchi, K., Song, P., &amp; Karako, T. (2025). Frailty in older adults: A systematic review of risk factors and early intervention pathways. Intractable &amp; Rare Diseases Research, 14(2), 93-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2025.01026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang, X., Hu, J., &amp; Wu, D. (2022). Risk factors for frailty in older adults. Medicine, 101(34), e30169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, X., Hu, J., &amp; Wu, D. (2022). Risk factors for frailty in older adults. Medicine, 101(34), e30169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000030169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boucham, M., Salhi, A., El Hajji, N., Gbenonsi, G. Y., Belyamani, L., &amp; Khalis, M. (2024). Factors associated with frailty in older people: An umbrella review. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05288-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boucham, M., Salhi, A., El Hajji, N., Gbenonsi, G. Y., Belyamani, L., &amp; Khalis, M. (2024). Factors associated with frailty in older people: An umbrella review. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 737. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05288-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li, J., Zhu, L., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Fu, P., &amp; Yuan, H. (2024). Prevalence and potential influencing factors for social frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05365-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li, J., Zhu, L., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Fu, P., &amp; Yuan, H. (2024). Prevalence and potential influencing factors for social frailty among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-05365-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim, D. H., &amp; Rockwood, K. (2024). Frailty in older adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 391(6), 538-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2301292.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim, D. H., &amp; Rockwood, K. (2024). Frailty in older adults. The New England Journal of Medicine, 391(6), 538-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra2301292.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stratidaki, E., Mechili, E. A., Ouzouni, C., Patelarou, A. E., Savvakis, I., Giakoumidakis, K., Laliotis, A., &amp; Patelarou, E. (2024). An investigation of the risk factors related to frailty in older adults receiving home care services. Nutrients, 16(23), 3982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233982.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stratidaki, E., Mechili, E. A., Ouzouni, C., Patelarou, A. E., Savvakis, I., Giakoumidakis, K., Laliotis, A., &amp; Patelarou, E. (2024). An investigation of the risk factors related to frailty in older adults receiving home care services. Nutrients, 16(23), 3982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16233982.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veronese, N., Custodero, C., Cella, A., et al. (2021). Prevalence of multidimensional frailty and pre-frailty in older people in different settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 72, 101498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101498.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veronese, N., Custodero, C., Cella, A., et al. (2021). Prevalence of multidimensional frailty and pre-frailty in older people in different settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 72, 101498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101498.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davidson, S. L., et al. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty amongst older hospital inpatients in low- and middle-income countries. Age and Ageing, 54(1), afae279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidson, S. L., et al. (2025). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of frailty and pre-frailty amongst older hospital inpatients in low- and middle-income countries. Age and Ageing, 54(1), afae279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gray, W. K., et al. (2016). Frailty screening in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(4), 806-823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14069.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gray, W. K., et al. (2016). Frailty screening in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 64(4), 806-823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14069.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peng, Y., Zhong, G. C., Zhou, X., Guan, L., &amp; Zhou, L. (2022). Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03404-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peng, Y., Zhong, G. C., Zhou, X., Guan, L., &amp; Zhou, L. (2022). Frailty and risks of all-cause and cause-specific death in community-dwelling adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 725. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03404-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Won, C. W. (2019). Frailty: Its scope and implications for geriatricians. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 23(3), 95-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.19.0032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Won, C. W. (2019). Frailty: Its scope and implications for geriatricians. Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 23(3), 95-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.19.0032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arai, H., et al. (2018). Cognitive frailty in geriatrics. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 34(4), 667-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2018.06.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arai, H., et al. (2018). Cognitive frailty in geriatrics. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 34(4), 667-675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2018.06.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sugimoto, T., et al. (2022). An update on cognitive frailty: Its definition, impact, associated factors and underlying mechanisms, and interventions. Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International, 22(2), 99-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sugimoto, T., et al. (2022). An update on cognitive frailty: Its definition, impact, associated factors and underlying mechanisms, and interventions. Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International, 22(2), 99-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan, Y., et al. (2023). Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: An eight-year multi-trajectory analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04554-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan, Y., et al. (2023). Frailty, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: An eight-year multi-trajectory analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 23(1), 843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04554-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taguchi, C. K., et al. (2022). Frailty syndrome and risks for falling in the elderly community. CoDAS, 34(6), e20210025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212021025pt.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taguchi, C. K., et al. (2022). Frailty syndrome and risks for falling in the elderly community. CoDAS, 34(6), e20210025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20212021025pt.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cappe, M., et al. (2023). Preoperative frailty screening, assessment and management. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 36(1), 83-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000001221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cappe, M., et al. (2023). Preoperative frailty screening, assessment and management. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 36(1), 83-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000001221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Callahan, K. E. (2022). The future of frailty: Opportunity is knocking. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(1), 78-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17510.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Callahan, K. E. (2022). The future of frailty: Opportunity is knocking. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(1), 78-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17510.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villegas, W. (2023). Geriatric trauma and frailty: Improving outcomes through multidisciplinary care. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 35(2), 151-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2023.02.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villegas, W. (2023). Geriatric trauma and frailty: Improving outcomes through multidisciplinary care. Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America, 35(2), 151-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2023.02.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santino, C., et al. (2019). Prospective evaluation of health-related quality of life in geriatric trauma patients. Surgery, 166(3), 403-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2019.04.031.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santino, C., et al. (2019). Prospective evaluation of health-related quality of life in geriatric trauma patients. Surgery, 166(3), 403-407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2019.04.031.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
