<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medinfo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Актуальные проблемы теоретической и клинической медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Actual Problems of Theoretical and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2790-1289</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-1297</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24412/2790-1289-2021-42937</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medinfo-25</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К ПАТОГЕНЕЗУ И МОРФОГЕНЕЗУ АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗА</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>TO THE PATHOGENESIS AND MORPHOGENESIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1027-5270</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельдеханов</surname><given-names>Т. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Meldekhanov</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Associate Professor</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-4338</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есиргепова</surname><given-names>С. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yesergepova</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7322-3019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пиржанов</surname><given-names>Б. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pirzhanov</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Professor</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3316-3178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эльхенди</surname><given-names>Т. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elkhendi</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-9233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уразаева</surname><given-names>М. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Urazaeva</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4537-1716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кабдыгалиев</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kabdygaliev</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-7455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табанова</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabanova</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0911-5643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елешева</surname><given-names>К. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yelesheva</surname><given-names>K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НУО «Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>NEI «Kazakh-Russian Medical University»</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>30</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мельдеханов Т.Т., Есиргепова С.Р., Пиржанов Б.Т., Эльхенди Т.Н., Уразаева М.Т., Кабдыгалиев Е.А., Табанова Р.А., Елешева К.К., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мельдеханов Т.Т., Есиргепова С.Р., Пиржанов Б.Т., Эльхенди Т.Н., Уразаева М.Т., Кабдыгалиев Е.А., Табанова Р.А., Елешева К.К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Meldekhanov T., Yesergepova S., Pirzhanov B., Elkhendi T., Urazaeva M., Kabdygaliev E., Tabanova R., Yelesheva K.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/25">https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/25</self-uri><abstract><p>История изучения атеросклероза полна как открытий, так и разочарований, как догм, тормозивших процесс в познании причин болезни, так и революционных прорывов в выяснении механизмов ее формирования. Но еще больше в ней гипотез и вопросов, оставленных предыдущими поколениями исследователей, подтвердить которые было нелегко. Использование культур клеток, изучение липидного обмена на молекулярном уровне, мутации и экспрессии генов, иммуноферментный анализ, оценка состояния рецепторов клеток, изучение системы цитокинов и многие другие современные методы исследования позволили раскрыть сущность целого ряда механизмов возникновения атеросклероза, показали сложный характер этого процесса [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>]. Атеросклероз – основная причина смерти в развитых странах. Это прогрессирующий патологический процесс, который начинается в детстве и дает клинические проявления в середине взрослой жизни [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2">2</xref>]. Представленные данные свидетельствуют о роли воспаления как детерминанты биологии, лежащей в основе осложнений атеросклероза и следует подчеркнуть, что углубление знаний в области патогенеза атеросклероза открывает новые пути предупреждения и лечения этого тяжелого и распространенного заболевания [3, 4, 5]. Одним из путей модификации ЛПНП, находящихся в субэндотелиальном пространстве, является окисление. Оно осуществляется за счет  локального эффекта реактивных кислород-радикалов и прооксидантных ферментов, образующихся в активированном эндотелии и в клетках гладких мышц, а также в макрофагах, проникших в стенку сосуда. К тому же микроокружение в субэндотелиальном пространстве способно связывать окисленные ЛПНП из антиоксидантов плазмы. Мобилизация лейкоцитов (главным образом, моноцитов и Т-лимфоцитов) выражается в их преимущественной локализации на сосудистой стенке и служит ключевым патогенетическим процессом атерогенеза. Модифицированные ЛПНП и цитокины (ИЛ-1, ФНО-а) независимо индуцируют экспрессию молекул адгезии лейкоцитов (МАЛ) и хемоаттрактанта цитокина (хемокина). Однако мЛПНП также являются мощными стимуляторами выработки медиаторов воспаления, цитокинов клетками эндотелия и гладких мышц, тем самым усиливая прямой эффект [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>]. Такая двойственная способность мЛПНП вызывать мобилизацию лейкоцитов и воспаление тем или иным образом поддерживается на протяжении всего атерогенного процесса. В то время как клетки эндотелия играют определенную роль в образовании жировых полосок, миграция гладкомышечных клеток в интиму служит доминирующим процессом на ранних этапах образования фиброзных бляшек [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The history of the study of atherosclerosis is full of both discoveries and disappointments, both dogmas that hindered the process of understanding the causes of the disease, and revolutionary breakthroughs in clarifying the mechanisms of its formation. But there are even more hypotheses and questions left by previous generations of researchers, which were not easy to confirm. The use of cell cultures, the study of lipid metabolism at the molecular level, mutations and gene expression, enzyme immunoassay, assessment of the state of cell receptors, the study of the cytokine system and many other modern research methods have revealed the essence of a number of mechanisms of atherosclerosis, showed the complex nature of this process [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit1">1</xref>]. Atherosclerosis is the main cause of death in developed countries. This is a progressive pathological process that begins in childhood and gives  clinical manifestations in the middle of adulthood [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit2">2</xref>]. The presented data indicate the role of inflammation as a determinant of the biology underlying the complications of atherosclerosis and it should be emphasized that the deepening of knowledge in the field of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis  opens up new ways to prevent and treat this severe and widespread disease [3, 4, 5]. One of the ways to modify LDL located in the subendothelial space is oxidation. It is carried out due to the local effect of reactive oxygen radicals and pro-oxidant enzymes formed in the activated endothelium and in smooth muscle cells, as well as in macrophages that have penetrated the vessel wall. In addition, the microenvironment in the subendothelial space is able to bind oxidized LDL from plasma antioxidants. The mobilization of leukocytes (mainly monocytes and T-lymphocytes) is expressed in their predominant localization on the vascular wall and serves as a key pathogenetic process of atherogenesis. Modified LDL and cytokines (IL-1, TNF-a) independently induce the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (MAL) and the chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine). However, MLPNPS are also powerful stimulators of the production of inflammatory mediators, cytokines by endothelial and smooth muscle cells, thereby enhancing the direct effect [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="cit6">6</xref>]. This dual ability of mLPNP to cause leukocyte mobilization and inflammation is maintained in one way or another throughout the atherogenic process. While endothelial cells play a certain role in the formation of fat strips, the migration of smooth muscle cells into intima serves as the dominant process in the early stages of the formation of fibrous plaques [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12].</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пенистые клетки</kwd><kwd>фиброзные бляшки</kwd><kwd>тромбогенный потенциал</kwd><kwd>тромбообразования</kwd><kwd>осложнения атеросклероза</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>foam cells</kwd><kwd>fibrous plaques</kwd><kwd>thrombogenic potential</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>complications of atherosclerosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чазов Е.И. Взгляд из прошлого в будущее. Тер. Арх., 2004; 6: 8 – 15. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chazov E.İ. Vzgläd iz proşlogo v buduşee. Ter. Arh., 2004; 6: 8 – 15. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maseri F. Iscemic Heart Disease. New York, Churchill Livingstone. 1995; 713. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maseri F. Iscemic Heart Disease. New York, Churchill Livingstone. 1995; 713. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климов А.Н. Клеточно-молекулярные механизмы атерогенеза. Тез. Докл. ІХ сессии общего собрания АМН СССР «Актуальные проблемы современной ангиологии». Л. 1990; 14-16. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimov A.N. Kletochno-molekulärnye mehanizmy aterogeneza. Tez. Dokl. IH sessii obşego sobrania AMN SSSR «Aktuälnye problemy sovremennoi angiologii». L. 1990; 14-16. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Титов В.Н. Теория биологических функций и ее применение при выяснении патогенеза распространенных заболеваний человека. Успехи современной биологии. 2008; 128 (5): 435-52. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titov V.N. Teoria biologicheskih funksi i ee primenenie pri vyiasnenii patogeneza rasprostranennyh zabolevani cheloveka. Uspehi sovremennoi biologii. 2008; 128 (5): 435-52. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libby P., Ridker M. Inflammation and Atherothrombosis. J Am. Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 33 – 46 (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libby P., Ridker M. Inflammation and Atherothrombosis. J Am. Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 33 – 46 (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алекперов Э.З., Наджафов Р.Н. Современные концепции о роли воспаления при атеросклерозе. Кардиология., 2010; 6: 88 – 91. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekperov E.Z., Najafov R.N. Sovremennye konsepsiio roli vospalenia pri ateroskleroze. Kardiologia., 2010; 6: 88 – 91. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Войнов В.А. Патофизиология сердца и сосудов. Учебное пособие. – М., Издательский дом БИНОМ. 2017. – 208 с. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voinov V.A. Patofiziologia serdsa i sosudov. Uchebnoe posobie. - M., İzdatelski dom BİNOM. 2017. - 208 s. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Патофизиология сердечно-сосудистой системы / под ред. Л.С. Лилли; пер. С англ. – 4-е изд., испр. И перераб. – М. : БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2016. – 735 с. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patofiziologia serdechno - sosudistoi sistemy/pod red. L.S. Lilli; per. S angl. – 4-e izd., ispr. İ pererab. – M. : BİNOM. Laboratoria znani, 2016. – 735 s. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libby P. The molecular bases of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1995; 91: 2844-2850. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libby P. The molecular bases of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 1995; 91: 2844-2850. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Повзун С.А., Мальков П.Г., Франк Г.А. Целлюлярная патология и революция научной медицины (к 190-летию со дня рождения Рудольфа Вирхова). Архив патол. 2010; 1: 6 – 11. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Povzun S.A., Mälkov P.G., Frank G.A. Selülärnaia patologia i revolüsia nauchnoi medisiny (k 190-letiu so dnä rojdenia Rudölfa Virhova). Arhiv patol. 2010; 1: 6 – 11. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жданов В.С. Роль гиперплазии интимы артерий в атерогенезе у человека. Архив патологии. 1998; 6: 3 – 8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jdanov V.S. Röl giperplazii intimy arteri v aterogeneze u cheloveka. Arhiv patologii. 1998; 6: 3 – 8. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вирхов Р. Целлюлярная патология как учение, основанное на физиологической и патологической гистологии. СПб; 1871. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virhov R. Selülärnaia patologia kak uchenie, osnovannoe na fiziologicheskoi i patologicheskoi gistologii. SPb; 1871. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young J.L., Liddy P., Schonbecr U. Cytorines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thromb. Haemost. 2002; 88: 554-567. (Со ссылки Л.С.Лилли, 2016). (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young J.L., Liddy P., Schonbecr U. Cytorines in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thromb. Haemost. 2002; 88: 554-567. (So ssylki L.S.Lilli, 2016). (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Libby P. Current Cjncepts of the Pathogenesis of the Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104: 365-372. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libby P. Current Cjncepts of the Pathogenesis of the Acute Coronary Syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104: 365-372. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Либби П. (2002) воспаление при атеросклерозе. Nature 420: 868-874. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Libbi P. (2002) vospalenie pri ateroskleroze. Nature 420: 868-874. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zipes D., Libbi P., Bonow RO6 et. Al., eds. Braunwald,s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 7th ed. Philadelphia PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005: 925. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zipes D., Libbi P., Bonow RO6 et. Al., eds. Braunwald,s Heart Disease. A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 7th ed. Philadelphia PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2005: 925. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowei Li., Yuanpeng Xia, Bo Hu. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways // Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020; 77(14): 2751–2769. Published online 2020 Jan 30. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7/ PMCID: PMC7223178. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowei Li., Yuanpeng Xia, Bo Hu. Infection and atherosclerosis: TLR-dependent pathways // Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020; 77(14): 2751–2769. Published online 2020 Jan 30. doi: 10.1007/s00018-020-03453-7/ PMCID: PMC7223178. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedrigi R.M., de Silva R., Bovens S.M., Mehta V.V., Petretto E. и др. (2014) разрыв тонкостенной фиброатеромы связан с тонким взаимодействием напряжения песчанойстенки. Артериосклеротромб VascBiol 34; 2224-2231. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedrigi R.M., de Silva R., Bovens S.M., Mehta V.V., Petretto E. i dr. (2014) razryv tonkostennoi fibroateromy sväzan s tonkim vzaimodeistviem napräjenia peschanoistenki. Arteriosklerotromb VascBiol 34; 2224- 2231. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collins R., Armitage J., Parish S WHO Cardiovascular Diseases. [(accessed on 31 May 2020)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovasculardiseases/#tab=tab_1., (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collins R., Armitage J., Parish S WHO Cardiovascular Diseases. [(accessed on 31 May 2020)]; Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/cardiovascular-diseases/#tab=tab_1., (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sleigh P., Peto (2003) R: MRC / BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowing with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-cjntrol trial. Ланцет 361: 2005-2016. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sleigh P., Peto (2003) R: MRC / BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowing with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-cjntrol trial. Lanset 361: 2005-2016. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aziz M., Yadav K. S. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Medical Clinic Rev. 2016, 2: 22. doi: 10.21767/ 2471-299X. 1000031. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aziz M., Yadav K. S. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Medical Clinic Rev. 2016, 2: 22. doi: 10.21767/ 2471- 299X. 1000031. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Патофизиология. Учебник: в 2 т. /под ред. В.В.Новицкого, О.И.Уразовой. – 5-е изд., перераб. и доп. –Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2020. Т.2. – 592с. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patofiziologia. Uchebnik: v 2 t. /pod red. V.V.Noviskogo, O.İ.Urazovoi. – 5-e izd., pererab. i dop. –Moskva: GEOTAR-Media, 2020. T.2. – 592s. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinbrecher U. Role of auperoxide in endothelial-cell modification of low-density lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1988; 959: 20 – 30. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinbrecher U. Role of auperoxide in endothelialcell modification of low-density lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1988; 959: 20 – 30. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinberg L. Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis Circulation 1997; 95: 1062 – 1071. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinberg L. Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis Circulation 1997; 95: 1062 – 1071. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horkko S., Binder C.J., Shaw P.X. Immunological responses to oxidized LDL. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 28: 1171 – 1179. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horkko S., Binder C.J., Shaw P.X. Immunological responses to oxidized LDL. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2000; 28: 1171 – 1179. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skalen K., Gustefsson M., Rydberg E.K. et al. Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 417: 750 – 754. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skalen K., Gustefsson M., Rydberg E.K. et al. Subendothelial retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in early atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 417: 750 – 754. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berliner J. Navab M., Fogelman A. et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation inflammation and genetics. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 96: 2488 – 2496. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berliner J. Navab M., Fogelman A. et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation inflammation and genetics. J. Clin. Invest. 1995; 96: 2488 – 2496. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Восканьянц А.Н., Нагорнев В.А. Пролиферация клеток стенки артерий человека при атерогенеза как фактор проявления иммунного воспаления. Цитокины и воспаление. 2004; 3: (4) : 10 – 13. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voskänäns A.N., Nagornev V.A. Proliferasia kletok stenki arteri cheloveka pri aterogeneza kak faktor proiavlenia imunnogo vospalenia. Sitokiny i vospalenie. 2004; 3:(4): 10 – 13. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нагорнев В.А., Яковлева О.А., Рабинович В.С. Атерогенез и воспаление. Мед. Акад. Журн. 2001; 1 (1): 139 – 150. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagornev V.A., İakovleva O.A., Rabinovich V.S. Aterogenez i vospalenie. Med. Akad. Jurn. 2001; 1 (1): 139 – 150. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wick G., Knoflach M., Xu Q. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis Annu.Rev. Immunol. 2004; 22: 361 – 403. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wick G., Knoflach M., Xu Q. Autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis Annu.Rev. Immunol. 2004; 22: 361 – 403. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобзин Ю.В., Рудакова А.В. Роль инфекционно-воспалительного фактора в развитии атеросклероза. Мед. Акад. Журн. 2003; 1 (2): 80-89. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobzin İu.V., Rudakova A.V. Röl infeksionnovospalitelnogo faktora v razvitii ateroskleroza. Med. Akad. Jurn. 2003; 1 (2): 80-89. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson A., Schaub R., Goldstein R., Kuo P. Suppression of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits by purified rabbit interferon. Atherosclerosis 1990; 10: 208 – 214. (in English)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson A., Schaub R., Goldstein R., Kuo P. Suppression of aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits by purified rabbit interferon. Atherosclerosis 1990;10: 208 – 214. (in English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
