medinfoАктуальные проблемы теоретической и клинической медициныActual Problems of Theoretical and Clinical Medicine2790-12892790-1297Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет10.24412/2790-1289-2025-2-125-143medinfo-587Research ArticleОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫREVEWSЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ДИАГНОСТИКИ РАКА ПРЕДСТАТЕЛЬНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ: ОТ ПАЛЬПАЦИИ ДО ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТАTHE EVOLUTION OF PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS: FROM PALPATION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6042-4935АхметовЕ. А.AkhmetovE. A.

Ахметов Ермек Абибуллаевич – PhD, MD, доктор медицинских наук, ассоциированный профессор радиологии

Астана

телефон: +77789160020

Ermek A. Akhmetov – Ph.D, MD, Doctor of Medical Science, Associate Professor of Radiology

Astana

phone: +77789160020

surgerykz@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-9438-6540ДжакиповМ. А.DzhakipovM. A.

Джакипов Мурат Абдрахманович – заведующий отделением лучевой диагностики, магистр бизнеса и управления

Астана

телефон: +77018705767

Jakipov Murat Abdrakhmanovich – Head of the Radiation Diagnostics Department, Master of Business and Management

Astana

phone: +77018705767

jakipov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-8934-8327КочиевБ. А.KochiyevB. A.

Кочиев Байрам Алимоглы – врач радиолог (рентгенолог

Астана

телефон: +77024477266

Kochiyev Bairam Alimoglu – radiologist (radiologist

Astana

рhone: +77024477266

b.kochiev@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-1472-1975АндрееваК. А.AndreyevaK. A.

Андреева Ксения Алексеевна – врач-резидент по специальности «Радиология

Астана

телефон: +77023865636

Andreyeva Xeniya Alekseyevna – resident-radiologist

Astana

phone: +77023865636

k.a.andreyeva@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-5461-5118ШеруллаевИ. Ш.SherullayevI. Sh.

Шеруллаев Ислам Шерьязданович – резидент радиолог

Астана

телефон +77471508980, +77788591873

Sherullayev Islam Sheryazdanovich – resident radiologist

Astana

рhone: +77471508980, +77788591873

islam26.26@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-7157-9571МакиежановаЗ. С.MakiejanovaZ. S.

Макиежанова Зухра Сайранкызы – врач-резидент радиолог

Астана

телефон: +77472507137

Makiezhanova Zukhra Sairankyzy – resident radiologist

Astana

рhone: +77472507137

makiezhanova@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-3437-7690АмангазыА. Р.AmangazyA. R.

Амангазы Алуа Русланкызы – врач резидент-радиолог

Астана

телефон +77078307103

Amangazy Alua Ruslankyzy – resident radiologist

Astana

phone: +77078307103

alua9801@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-2361-8960СарсенбаевА. К.SarsenbayevA. K.

Сарсенбаев Алишер Кайратулы – врач резидент-радиолог

Астана

телефон +77751727118

Sarsenbayev Alisher Kairatuly – resident radiologist

Astana

phone: +77751727118

sarsenbayev123@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-7813-0613КабылбековаА. С.KabylbekovaA. S.

Кабылбекова Алия Сериковна – резидент радиолог

Астана

телефон: +77786026038

Kabylbekova Aliya Serikovna – resident radiologist

Astana

phone: +77786026038

aliya.zholkenova.91@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-6375-1054БерикбаевИ. С.BerikbayevI. S.

Берикбаев Исламбек Саттигулулы – резидент радиолог

Астана

телефон: +77081832405

Berikbayev Islambek Sáttigululy – resident radiologist

Astana

рhone: +7708-183-24-05

IBerikbayevS@gmail.comТОО «Национальный научный онкологический центр»КазахстанNational Research Oncological Center LLPKazakhstan20250607202502125143Copyright © Ахметов Е.А., Джакипов М.А., Кочиев Б.А., Андреева К.А., Шеруллаев И.Ш., Макиежанова З.С., Амангазы А.Р., Сарсенбаев А.К., Кабылбекова А.С., Берикбаев И.С., 20252025Ахметов Е.А., Джакипов М.А., Кочиев Б.А., Андреева К.А., Шеруллаев И.Ш., Макиежанова З.С., Амангазы А.Р., Сарсенбаев А.К., Кабылбекова А.С., Берикбаев И.С.Akhmetov E.A., Dzhakipov M.A., Kochiyev B.A., Andreyeva K.A., Sherullayev I.S., Makiejanova Z.S., Amangazy A.R., Sarsenbayev A.K., Kabylbekova A.S., Berikbayev I.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/587

Являясь одним из наиболее распространенных видов рака, рак предстательной железы требует к себе определенный диагностический подход, с применением современных, высокочувствительных и специфичных методов диагностики. Анализ существующих методов позволит определить наиболее эффективные стратегии для раннего выявления и контроля заболевания.

Цель исследования

Цель исследования. Обобщение существующих данных о диагностическом алгоритме при раке предстательной железы, выявление сильных и слабых сторон каждой из применяемых процедур, оценить влияние и эффективность современных методов диагностики.

Методы и материалы

Методы и материалы. Проведен поиск и анализ информации в базах данных Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science и Medline. В обзор включены данные метаанализов, рандомизированных контролируемых исследований, систематических обзоров и клинических испытаний. Дубликаты статей были удалены, информация проверена, а нерелевантные работы исключены. В результате отобрано 75 полнотекстовых документов и абстрактов, обеспечивающих всесторонний анализ рассматриваемой проблемы.

Выводы

Выводы. Комбинированные подходы повышают точность диагностики рака поджелудочной железы. PSMA-ПЭТ улучшает выявление метастазов, но остается дорогостоящим и труднодоступным в развивающихся странах. Жидкостная биопсия имеет потенциал, но требует улучшения чувствительности. Трансректальное ультразвуковое исследование остается важным инструментом, но его диагностическая ценность ограничена. Магнито-резонансная таргетная биопсия выявляет больше клинически значимого рака, чем систематическая биопсия. Искусственный интеллект в диагностике требует развития, но его применение должно быть четко регламентировано.

Being one of the most common types of cancer, prostate cancer requires a specific diagnostic approach, using modern, highly sensitive, and specific diagnostic methods. An analysis of existing methods will allow us to determine the most effective strategies for early detection and control of the disease.

The purpose of this study. To summarize existing data on the diagnostic algorithm for prostate cancer, identify the strengths and weaknesses of each of the procedures used, and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of modern diagnostic methods.

Methods and materials

Methods and materials. Information was searched and analyzed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Medline databases. The review includes data from meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and clinical trials. Duplicate articles have been deleted, information verified, and irrelevant works excluded. As a result, 75 full-text documents and abstracts were selected, providing a comprehensive analysis of the problem under consideration.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Combined approaches increase the accuracy of pancreatic cancer diagnosis. PSMA-PET improves the detection of metastases, but remains expensive and difficult to access in developing countries. A liquid biopsy has potential, but requires improved sensitivity. Transrectal ultrasound examination remains an important tool, but its diagnostic value is limited. A magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy reveals more clinically significant prostate cancer than a systematic biopsy. Artificial intelligence in diagnostics requires development, but its use should be regulated.

диагностика рака предстательной железыскрининг рака предстательной железыбиомаркеры рака предстательной железыпальцевое ректальное исследованиераннее выявление рака предстательной железыprostate cancer diagnosisprostate cancer screeningprostate cancer biomarkersdigital rectal examinationearly detection of prostate cancerReferencesWorld Cancer Research Fund. Prostate cancer statistics [Electronic source] // World Cancer Research Fund. – 2022. – URL: https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/prostate-cancer-statistics/#latestprostate-cancer-data (Accessed: 04.12.2024).World Cancer Research Fund (2022). Prostate cancer statistics. World Cancer Research Fund. Retrieved December 4 , 2024, from https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/prostatecancer-statistics/#latest-prostate-cancer-data.Chen J., Zhang D., Yan W., Yang D., Shen B. Translational bioinformatics for diagnostic and prognostic prediction of prostate cancer in the nextgeneration sequencing era // BioMed Research International. – 2013. – Vol. 2013. – Article No. 901578. – DOI: 10.1155/2013/901578.Chen, J., Zhang, D., Yan, W., Yang, D., & Shen, B. (2013). Translational bioinformatics for diagnostic and prognostic prediction of prostate cancer in the next-generation sequencing era. BioMed Research International, 2013, 901578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/901578.Perdana N. R., Mochtar C. A., Umbas R., Hamid A. R. The risk factors of prostate cancer and its prevention: A literature review // Acta Medica Indonesiana. – 2016. – Vol. 48(3). – P. 228-238.Perdana, N. R., Mochtar, C. A., Umbas, R., & Hamid, A. R. (2016). The risk factors of prostate cancer and its prevention: A literature review. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 48(3), 228-238.The global cancer burden is growing amid a mounting need for services. [Electronic source] // World Health Organization [Website]. – 2024. – URL: https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2024-global-cancer-burden-growing--amidst-mounting-need-for-services (Accessed: 04.12.2024).World Health Organization (2024). Global cancer burden growing amidst mounting need for services. Retrieved December 4, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2024-global-cancer-burden-growing--amidst-mounting-need-for-services.Rebello R. J., Oing C., Knudsen K. E., et al. Prostate cancer // Nature Reviews Disease Primers. – 2021. – Vol. 7. – Article No. 9. – DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-00243-0.Rebello, R. J., Oing, C., Knudsen, K. E. et al. (2021). Prostate cancer. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-020-00243-0.American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2024. – Atlanta: American Cancer Society, 2024. – 76 p.American Cancer Society (2024). Cancer facts & figures, 76 p.O’Reilly J. A., O’Kennedy R. J. Prostate cancer detection: complexities and strategies // Cancer Treatment Journal. – 2017. – Vol. 2. – P. 18-25.O’Reilly, J. A., & O’Kennedy, R. J. (2017). Prostate cancer detection: Complexities and strategies. Cancer Treatment Journal, 2, 18-25.Descotes J. L. Diagnosis of prostate cancer // Asian Journal of Urology. – 2019. – Vol. 6(2). – P. 129-136. – DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.007.Descotes, J. L. (2019). Diagnosis of prostate cancer. Asian Journal of Urology, 6(2), 129-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.007.Bhattacharya I., Khandwala Y. S., Vesal S., et al. A review of artificial intelligence in prostate cancer detection on imaging // Therapeutic Advances in Urology. – 2022. – Vol. 14. – Article No. 17562872221128791. – DOI: 10.1177/17562872221128791.Bhattacharya, I., Khandwala, Y. S., Vesal, S., et al. (2022). A review of artificial intelligence in prostate cancer detection on imaging. Therapeutic Advances in Urology, 14, 17562872221128791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17562872221128791.Thompson I. M., Pauler D. K., Goodman P. J., et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level of ≤4.0 ng per milliliter // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2004. – Vol. 350. – P. 2239-2246.Thompson, I. M., Pauler, D. K., Goodman, P. J., et al. (2004). Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level of ≤4.0 ng per milliliter. New England Journal of Medicine, 350, 2239-2246.Shinohara K., Master V. A., Chi T., Carroll P. R. Prostate needle biopsy techniques and interpretation // Genitourinary Oncology. – Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006. – P. 111-119.Shinohara, K., Master, V. A., Chi, T., & Carroll, P. R. (2006). Prostate needle biopsy techniques and interpretation. In Genitourinary Oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 111-119.Catalona W. J. History of the discovery and clinical translation of prostate-specific antigen // Asian Journal of Urology. – 2014. – Vol. 1(1). – P. 12-14.Catalona, W. J. (2014). History of the discovery and clinical translation of prostate-specific antigen. Asian Journal of Urology, 1(1), 12-14.Wilson J. M. G., Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. – Geneva: World Health Organization, 1968. – (Public Health Paper; no. 34). – 164 p.Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and practice of screening for disease (Public Health Paper No. 34). World Health Organization, 164 p.Thompson I. M., Ankerst D. P. Prostate-specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer // Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). – 2007. – Vol. 176(13). – P. 1853-1858. – DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.060955.Thompson, I. M., & Ankerst, D. P. (2007). Prostate-specific antigen in the early detection of prostate cancer. CMAJ, 176(13), 1853-1858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060955.Пушкарь Д. Ю., Бормотин А. В., Говоров А. В. Алгоритм ранней диагностики рака предстательной железы [Электронный ресурс] // МГМСУ им. Н. А. Семашко [Web-сайт]. – URL: https://www.rmj.ru/articles/urologiya/Algoritm_ranney_diagnostiki_raka_predstatelynoy_ghelezy/ (Accessed: 06.12.2024).Pushkar', D. Ju., Bormotin, A. V., Govorov, A. V. Algoritm rannej diagnostiki raka predstatel'noj zhelezy. Semashko Moscow State Medical University. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.rmj.ru/articles/urologiya/Algoritm_ranney_diagnostiki_raka_predstatelynoy_ghelezy/. (In Russian).Oesterling J. E., Jacobsen S. J., Cooner W. H. The use of age-specific reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen in men 60 years old or older // Journal of Urology. – 1995. – Vol. 153. – P. 1160-1163.Oesterling, J. E., Jacobsen, S. J., & Cooner, W. H. (1995). The use of age-specific reference ranges for serum prostate-specific antigen in men 60 years old or older. Journal of Urology, 153, 1160-1163.Van Poppel H., Albreht T., Basu P., Hogenhout R., Collen S., Roobol M. Serum PSA-based early detection of prostate cancer in Europe and globally: past, present and future [Electronic source] // Nature Reviews Urology [Website]. – 2022. – URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-022-00638-6 (Accessed: 07.12.2024).Van Poppel, H., Albreht, T., Basu, P., Hogenhout, R., Collen, S., & Roobol, M. (2022). Serum PSA-based early detection of prostate cancer in Europe and globally: Past, present and future. Nature Reviews Urology. Retrieved December 7, 2024, from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41585-022-00638-6.Sandhu G. S., Andriole G. L. Overdiagnosis of prostate cancer [Electronic source]// Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs [Website]. – 2012. – URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3540879/ (Accessed: 07.12.2024).Sandhu, G. S., & Andriole, G. L. (2012). Overdiagnosis of prostate cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute Monographs. Retrieved December 7, 2024, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3540879/.Lopes P. M., Sepúlveda L., Ramos R., Sousa P. The role of transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: new contributions // Radiologia Brasileira. – 2015. – Vol. 48(1). – P. 7-11. – DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0010.Lopes, P. M., Sepúlveda, L., Ramos, R., & Sousa, P. (2015). The role of transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: New contributions. Radiologia Brasileira, 48(1), 7-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2013.0010.Ozah E., Imasogie D. E. The diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital // Journal of the West African College of Surgeons. – 2023. – Vol. 13(3). – P. 91-95. – DOI: 10.4103/jwas. jwas_32_23. – URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10395850/ (Accessed: 20.06.2025).Ozah, E., & Imasogie, D. E. (2023). The diagnostic accuracy of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Journal of the West African College of Surgeons, 13(3), 91-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jwas.jwas_32_23.Abdrabo A. A., Fadlalla A. I., Fadl-Elmula I. M. Significance of serum total prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer // Saudi Medical Journal. – 2011. – Vol. 32(11). – P. 1133-1136.Abdrabo, A. A., Fadlalla, A. I., & Fadl-Elmula, I. M. (2011). Significance of serum total prostatespecific antigen and digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Saudi Medical Journal, 32(11), 1133-1136.Yusim I., Krenawi M., Mazor E., et al. The use of prostate-specific antigen density to predict clinically significant prostate cancer // Scientific Reports. – 2020. – Vol. 10(1). – Article 20015. – DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76786-9.Yusim, I., Krenawi, M., Mazor, E., et al. (2020). The use of prostate-specific antigen density to predict clinically significant prostate cancer. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 20015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76786-9.Youn S. Y., Choi M. H., Lee Y. J., et al. Prostate gland volume estimation: anteroposterior diameters measured on axial versus sagittal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance images // Ultrasonography. – 2023. – Vol. 42(1). – P. 154-164. – DOI: 10.14366/usg.22104.Youn, S. Y., Choi, M. H., Lee, Y. J., et al. (2023). Prostate gland volume estimation: Anteroposterior diameters measured on axial versus sagittal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance images. Ultrasonography, 42(1), 154-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14366/usg.22104.Wang S., Kozarek J., Russell R., et al. Diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen density for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in the era of magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review and meta-analysis // European Urology Oncology. – 2024. – Vol. 7(2). – P. 189-203. – DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2023.08.002.Wang, S., Kozarek, J., Russell, R., et al. (2024). Diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen density for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer in the era of magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Urology Oncology, 7(2), 189-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2023.08.002.Teoh M. M., Nyandoro M. G., Jacob A., Cooke D. Digital rectal examination: a missed opportunity with fatal consequences // ANZ Journal of Surgery. – 2023. – Vol. 93. – P. 775-776. – DOI: 10.1111/ans.18025.Teoh, M. M., Nyandoro, M. G., Jacob, A., & Cooke, D. (2023). Digital rectal examination: A missed opportunity with fatal consequences. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 93, 775-776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ans.18025.Hodge K. K., McNeal J. E., Terris M. K., Stamey T. A. Random systematic versus direct- ed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate // Journal of Urology. – 1989. – Vol. 142(1). – P. 71-74.Hodge, K. K., McNeal, J. E., Terris, M. K., & Stamey, T. A. (1989). Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. Journal of Urology, 142(1), 71-74.Norberg M., Egevad L., Holmberg L., Sparén P., Norlén B. J., Busch C. The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer // Urology. – 1997. – Vol. 50(4). – P. 562-566.Norberg, M., Egevad, L., Holmberg, L., Sparén, P., Norlén, B. J., & Busch, C. (1997). The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer. Urology, 50(4), 562-566.Gravestock P., Shaw M., Veeratterapillay R., Heer R. Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Biopsy Approaches. Urologic Cancers. – Brisbane: Exon Publications, 2022. – Bookshelf ID: NBK585968. – DOI: 10.36255/exon-publications-urologic-cancers-prostate-cancer-biopsy.Gravestock, P., Shaw, M., Veeratterapillay, R., & Heer, R. (2022). Prostate cancer diagnosis: Biopsy approaches. In Urologic Cancers. Brisbane: Exon Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36255/exon-publications-urologic-cancers-prostate-cancer-biopsy.Hansen N.L., Barrett T., Lloyd T., Warren A., Samel C., Bratt O., Kastner C. Optimising the number of cores for magnetic resonance imaging-guided targeted and systematic transperineal prostate biopsy // BJU International. – 2020. – Vol. 125(2). – P. 260-269. – DOI: 10.1111/bju.14865.Hansen, N. L., Barrett, T., Lloyd, T., Warren, A., Samel, C., Bratt, O., & Kastner, C. (2020). Optimising the number of cores for magnetic resonance imaging-guided targeted and systematic transperineal prostate biopsy. BJU International, 125(2), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14865Chopra S., Foltz W. D., Milosevic M. F., et al. Comparing oxygen-sensitive MRI (BOLD R2*) with oxygen electrode measurements: A pilot study in men with prostate cancer // International Journal of Radiation Biology. – 2009. – Vol. 85. – P. 805-813.Chopra, S., Foltz, W. D., Milosevic, M. F., et al. (2009). Comparing oxygen-sensitive MRI (BOLD R2*) with oxygen electrode measurements: A pilot study in men with prostate cancer. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 85, 805-813.Rzhevskiy A. S., Kapitannikova A. Y., Vasilescu S. A., et al. Isolation of circulating tumor cells from seminal fluid of patients with prostate cancer using inertial microfluidics // Cancers (Basel). – 2022. – Vol. 14(14). – Article No. 3364. – DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143364.Rzhevskiy, A. S., Kapitannikova, A. Y., Vasilescu, S. A., et al. (2022). Isolation of circulating tumor cells from seminal fluid of patients with prostate cancer using inertial microfluidics. Cancers (Basel), 14(14), Article 3364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14143364.Alahdal M., Perera R. A., Moschovas M. C., Patel V., Perera R. J. Current advances of liquid biopsies in prostate cancer: Molecular biomarkers // Molecular Therapy Oncolytics. – 2023. – Vol. 30. – P. 27-38. – DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.004.Alahdal, M., Perera, R. A., Moschovas, M. C., Patel, V., & Perera, R. J. (2023). Current advances of liquid biopsies in prostate cancer: Molecular biomarkers. Molecular Therapy Oncolytics, 30, 27-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.004.Zhen L., Liu X., Yegang C., et al. Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis // BMC Cancer. – 2019. – Vol. 19. – Article No. 1244. – DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6434-9.Zhen, L., Liu, X., Yegang, C., et al. (2019). Accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 19, Article 1244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6434-9.Martins M., Regusci S., Rohner S., et al. The diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI for detection and localization of prostate cancer depends on the affected region // BJUI Compass. – 2021. – Vol. 2(3). – P. 178-187.Martins, M., Regusci, S., Rohner, S., et al. (2021). The diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI for detection and localization of prostate cancer depends on the affected region. BJUI Compass, 2(3), 178-187.McNeal J. E. The zonal anatomy of the prostate // The Prostate. – 1981. – Vol. 2. – P. 35–49.McNeal, J. E. (1981). The zonal anatomy of the prostate. The Prostate, 2, 35-49.Ahmed H. U., Bosaily A. E., Brown L. C., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study // The Lancet. – 2017. – Vol. 389(10071). – P. 815-822.Ahmed, H. U., Bosaily, A. E., Brown, L. C., et al. (2017). Diagnostic accuracy of multiparametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): A paired validating confirmatory study. The Lancet, 389(10071), 815-822.Kasivisvanathan V., Rannikko A. S., Borghi M., et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis // New England Journal of Medicine. – 2018. – Vol. 378(19). – P. 1767-1777.Kasivisvanathan, V., Rannikko, A. S., Borghi, M., et al. (2018). MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate cancer diagnosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(19), 1767-1777.Schieda N., Nisha Y., Hadziomerovic A. R., et al. Comparison of positive predictive values of biparametric MRI and multiparametric MRI–directed transrectal US-guided targeted prostate biopsy // Radiology. – 2024. – Vol. 311(3). – Article No. 231383. – DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231383.Schieda, N., Nisha, Y., Hadziomerovic, A. R., et al. (2024). Comparison of positive predictive values of biparametric MRI and multiparametric MRI–directed transrectal US–guided targeted prostate biopsy. Radiology, 311(3), Article 231383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.231383.Abramson M., DeMasi M., Zhu D., et al. Biparametric versus multiparametric MRI for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in a diverse, multiethnic population // Abdominal Radiology. – 2024. – Vol. 49. – P. 2491-2498. – DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04332-6.Abramson, M., DeMasi, M., Zhu, D., et al. (2024). Biparametric versus multiparametric MRI for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in a diverse, multiethnic population. Abdominal Radiology, 49, 2491-2498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-024-04332-6.Геворкян А. Р., Молодцов М. С., Александров Е. В. Диагностика рака предстательной железы в рамках высокотехнологичной специализированной поликлинической медицинской помощи // Вестник урологии. – 2023. – Vol. 11. – № 1. – P. 26-33. – DOI: 10.21886/2308-6424-2023-11-1-26-33.Gevorkjan, A. R., Molodcov, M. S., & Aleksandrov, E. V. (2023). Diagnostika raka predstatel'noj zhelezy v ramkah vysokotehnologichnoj specializirovannoj poliklinicheskoj medicinskoj pomoshhi. Bulletin of Urology, 11(1), 26-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2023-11-1-26-33. (In Russian).Standard Operating Procedure for Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis, Staging and Management of Prostate Cancer [Electronic source] // American Urological Association [Website]. – URL: https://www.auanet.org (Accessed: 14.01.2025).Standard Operating Procedure for Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis, Staging and Management of Prostate Cancer [Electronic source] // American Urological Association. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from https:// www.auanet.org.Turkbey B., Rosenkrantz A. B., Haider M. A., et al. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2 // European Urology. – 2019. – Vol. 76(3). – P. 340-351. – DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.02.033.Turkbey, B., Rosenkrantz, A. B., Haider, M. A., et al. (2019). Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2. European Urology, 76(3), 340-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2019.02.033.Önder Ö., Ayva M., Yaraşır Y., et al. Long-term follow-up results of multiparametric prostate MRI and the prognostic value of PI-RADS: a singlecenter retrospective cohort study // Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. – 2024. – Vol. 30(3). – P. 139-151. – DOI: 10.4274/dir.2023.232414.Önder, Ö., Ayva, M., Yaraşır, Y., et al. (2024). Long-term follow-up results of multiparametric prostate MRI and the prognostic value of PI-RADS: A single-center retrospective cohort study. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, 30(3), 139- 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2023.232414.Kim J. Y., Kim S. H., Kim Y. H., Lee H. J., Kim M. J., Choi M. S. Low-risk prostate cancer: the accuracy of multiparametric MR imaging for detection // Radiology. – 2014. – Vol. 271(2). – P. 435-444.Kim, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. H., Lee, H. J., Kim, M. J., & Choi, M. S. (2014). Low-risk prostate cancer: The accuracy of multiparametric MR imaging for detection. Radiology, 271(2), 435-444.Lopes P. M., Sepúlveda L., Ramos R., Sousa P. The role of transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: new contributions // Radiologia Brasileira. – 2015. – Vol. 48(1). – P. 7-11.Lopes, P. M., Sepúlveda, L., Ramos, R., & Sousa, P. (2015). The role of transrectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: New contributions. Radiologia Brasileira, 48(1), 7-11.Moe A., Hayne D. Transrectal ultrasound biopsy of the prostate: does it still have a role in prostate cancer diagnosis? // Translational Andrology and Urology. – 2020. – Vol. 9(6). – P. 3017-3025.Moe, A., & Hayne, D. (2020). Transrectal ultrasound biopsy of the prostate: Does it still have a role in prostate cancer diagnosis? Translational Andrology and Urology, 9(6), 3017-3025.Vesal S., Bhattacharya I., Jahanandish H., et al. ProsDectNet: Bridging the gap in prostate cancer detection via transrectal B-mode ultrasound imaging [Electronic source] // arXiv [Website]. – 2023. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.05334 (Accessed: 15.01.2025).Vesal, S., Bhattacharya, I., Jahanandish, H., et al. (2023). ProsDectNet: Bridging the gap in prostate cancer detection via transrectal B-mode ultrasound imaging [Electronic source]. arXiv. Retrieved January 15, 2025 from https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.05334.Chen F. K., de Castro Abreu A. L., Palmer S. L. Utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of prostate cancer: state of the art // Journal of Nuclear Medicine. – 2016. – Vol. 57, Suppl. 3. – P. 13-18.Chen, F. K., de Castro Abreu, A. L., & Palmer, S. L. (2016). Utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of prostate cancer: State of the art. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 57(3), 13-18.Зуков Р. А., Вязьмин В. В., Чанчикова Н. Г. Диагностические возможности ПЭТ/КТ с 18F-PSMA у пациентов с подозрением на рак предстательной железы // Эффективная фармакотерапия. – 2022. – Т. 18. – № 13. – С. 6-10.Zukov, R. A., Vjaz’min, V. V., & Chanchikova, N. G. (2022). Diagnosticheskie vozmozhnosti PJeT/KT s 18F-PSMA u pacientov s podozreniem na rak predstatel'noj zhelezy. Effective pharmacotherapy, 18(13), 6-10Leen E., Averkiou M., Arditi M., et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound assessment of the vascular effects of novel therapeutics in early-stage trials // European Radiology. – 2012. – Vol. 22. – P. 1442-1450Leen, E., Averkiou, M., Arditi, M., et al. (2012). Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound assessment of the vascular effects of novel therapeutics in early-stage trials. European Radiology, 22, 1442-1450.Jansen B. H. E., van Leeuwen P. J., Wondergem M., et al. Detection of recurrent prostate cancer using prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in patients not meeting the Phoenix criteria for biochemical recurrence after curative radiotherapy // European Urology Oncology. – 2021. – Vol. 4(5). – P. 821-825. – DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.01.002.Jansen, B. H. E., van Leeuwen, P. J., Wondergem, M., et al. (2021). Detection of recurrent prostate cancer using prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in patients not meeting the Phoenix criteria for biochemical recurrence after curative radiotherapy. European Urology Oncology, 4(5), 821-825. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2020.01.002.Cornford P., van den Bergh R. C. N., Briers E., et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II: Treatment of Relapsing, Metastatic, and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer // European Urology. – 2017. – Vol. 71(4). – P. 630-642.Cornford, P., van den Bergh, R. C. N., Briers, E., et al. (2017). EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II: Treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. European Urology, 71(4), 630-642.Koo P. J., Petrylak D. Novel imaging strategies for prostate cancer // Future Oncology. – 2021. – Vol. 17(27). – P. 3545-3548. – DOI: 10.2217/fon2021-0629.Koo, P. J., & Petrylak, D. (2021). Novel imaging strategies for prostate cancer. Future Oncology, 17(27), 3545-3548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-0629.Crawford E. D., Koo P. J., Shore N., et al. A clinician’s guide to next-generation imaging in patients with advanced prostate cancer (RADAR III) // Journal of Urology. – 2019. – Vol. 201(4). – P. 682-692.Crawford, E. D., Koo, P. J., Shore, N., et al. (2019). A clinician’s guide to next-generation imaging in patients with advanced prostate cancer (RADAR III). Journal of Urology, 201(4), 682-692Calais J., Ceci F., Eiber M., Hope T.A., Hofman M.S., Rischpler C., Bach-Gansmo T., Nanni C., Savir-Baruch B., Elashoff D., Grogan T., Dahlbom M., Slavik R., Gartmann J., Nguyen K., Lok V., Jadvar H., Kishan A.U., Rettig M.B., Reiter R.E., Fendler W.P., Czernin J. 18F-fluciclovine PET-CT and 68GaPSMA-11 PET-CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy: a prospective, single-centre, single-arm, comparative imaging trial // Lancet Oncology. – 2019. – Vol. 20(9). – P. 1286- 1294. – DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30415-2. – Erratum: Lancet Oncol. – 2019. – Vol. 20(11). – P. 613; – 2020. Vol. 21(6). – P. 304.Calais, J., Ceci, F., Eiber, M., Hope, T. A., Hofman, M. S., Rischpler, C., Bach-Gansmo, T., Nanni, C., Savir-Baruch, B., Elashoff, D., Grogan, T., Dahlbom, M., Slavik, R., Gartmann, J., Nguyen, K., Lok, V., Jadvar, H., Kishan, A. U., Rettig, M. B., Reiter, R. E., Fendler, W. P., & Czernin, J. (2019). 18F-fluciclovine PET-CT and 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy: A prospective, singlecentre, single-arm, comparative imaging trial. Lancet Oncology, 20(9), 1286-1294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30415-2. Errata: Lancet Oncology. (2019). 20(11), e613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30593-5; Lancet Oncology. (2020). 21(6), e304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30279-5.Ghai S., Haider M. A. Multiparametric-MRI in diagnosis of prostate cancer // Indian Journal of Urology. – 2015. – Vol. 31(3). – P. 194-201. – DOI: 10.4103/0970-1591.159606.Ghai, S., & Haider, M. A. (2015). Multiparametric-MRI in diagnosis of prostate cancer. Indian Journal of Urology, 31(3), 194-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.159606.Evangelista L., Zattoni F., Cassarino G., et al. PET/MRI in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis // European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. – 2021. – Vol. 48(3). – P. 859-873. – DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05025-0.Evangelista, L., Zattoni, F., Cassarino, G., et al. (2021). PET/MRI in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 48(3), 859-873. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-020-05025-0.Jannusch K., Bruckmann N. M., Morawitz J., et al. Recurrent prostate cancer: combined role for MRI and PSMA-PET in 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI // European Radiology. – 2024. – Vol. 34(7). – P. 4789-4800. – DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10442-4.Jannusch, K., Bruckmann, N. M., Morawitz, J., et al. (2024). Recurrent prostate cancer: Combined role for MRI and PSMA-PET in 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI. European Radiology, 34(7), 4789-4800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-023-10442-4.Liu F. Y., Sheng T. W., Tseng J. R., et al. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) fusion imaging in prostate cancer: PET-CT vs PET-MRI // British Journal of Radiology. – 2022. – Vol. 95(1131). – Article No. 20210728. – DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20210728.Liu, F. Y., Sheng, T. W., Tseng, J. R., et al. (2022). Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) fusion imaging in prostate cancer: PET-CT vs PET-MRI. British Journal of Radiology, 95(1131), 20210728. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210728.Gammel M. C. M., Solari E. L., Eiber M., et al. A clinical role of PET-MRI in prostate cancer? // Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. – 2024. – Vol. 54(1). – P. 132-140. – DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.08.001.Gammel, M. C. M., Solari, E. L., Eiber, M., et al. (2024). A clinical role of PET-MRI in prostate cancer? Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, 54(1), 132-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.08.001.Alarcón-Zendejas A. P., Scavuzzo A., JiménezRíos M. A., et al. The promising role of new molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer: From coding and non-coding genes to artificial intelligence approaches // Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. – 2022. – Vol. 25. – P. 431-443. – DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00537-2.Alarcón-Zendejas, A. P., Scavuzzo, A., Jiménez-Ríos, M. A., et al. (2022). The promising role of new molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer: From coding and non-coding genes to artificial intelligence approaches. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 25, 431-443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-022-00537-2.Porzycki P., Ciszkowicz E. Modern biomarkers in prostate cancer diagnosis // Central European Journal of Urology. – 2020. – Vol. 73(3). – P. 300- 306. – DOI: 10.5173/ceju.2020.0067R.Porzycki, P., & Ciszkowicz, E. (2020). Modern biomarkers in prostate cancer diagnosis. Central European Journal of Urology, 73(3), 300-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2020.0067R.Jansen F. H., van Schaik R. H., Kurstjens J., et al. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA in combination with total PSA and free PSA improves diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer detection // European Urology. – 2010. – Vol. 57. – P. 921-927.Jansen, F. H., van Schaik, R. H., Kurstjens, J., et al. (2010). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoform p2PSA in combination with total PSA and free PSA improves diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer detection. European Urology, 57, 921-927.Loeb S., Sanda M. G., Broyles D. L., et al. The Prostate Health Index selectively identifies clinically significant prostate cancer // Journal of Urology. – 2015. – Vol. 193. – P. 1163-1169. – DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.121.Loeb, S., Sanda, M. G., Broyles, D. L., et al. (2015). The Prostate Health Index selectively identifies clinically significant prostate cancer. Journal of Urology, 193, 1163-1169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.121.Agbetuyi-Tayo P., Gbadebo M., Rotimi O. A., Rotimi S. O. Advancements in biomarkers of prostate cancer: A review // Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. – 2024. – Vol. 23. – DOI: 10.1177/15330338241290029.Agbetuyi-Tayo, P., Gbadebo, M., Rotimi, O. A., & Rotimi, S. O. (2024). Advancements in biomarkers of prostate cancer: A review. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15330338241290029.Talley N., O’Connor S. The Gastrointestinal Examination // Talley & O’Connor’s Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis. – 2022. – Vol. 1. – P. 235-278.Talley, N., & O’Connor, S. (2022). The gastrointestinal examination. In Talley & O’Connor’s Clinical Examination: A Systematic Guide to Physical Diagnosis 1, 235-278.Pfister R., de Bruin E. D., Sterrenburg M. D. et al. Manual muscle testing and hand-held dynamometry in people with inflammatory myopathy: An intra- and interrater reliability and validity study // PLoS One. – 2018. – Vol. 13(3). – Article No. 0194531. – DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194531.Pfister, R., de Bruin, E. D., Sterrenburg, M. D., et al. (2018). Manual muscle testing and hand-held dynamometry in people with inflammatory myopathy: An intra- and interrater reliability and validity study. PLoS One, 13(3), e0194531. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194531.Chen J.-Y., Wang P.-Y., Liu M.-Z., et al. Biomarkers for prostate cancer: From diagnosis to treatment // Diagnostics. – 2023. – Vol. 13. – Article No. 3350. – DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213350.Chen, J.-Y., Wang, P.-Y., Liu, M.-Z., et al. (2023). Biomarkers for prostate cancer: From diagnosis to treatment. Diagnostics, 13, 3350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13213350.Scovell J. M., Carroll P. R., Klein E. A., Nguyen H. G., Jones J. S. IsoPSA® reduces provider recommendations for biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging in men with total prostate specific antigen ≥ 4 ng/ml: A real world observational clinical utility study // Urology Practice. – 2022. – Vol. 9, № 2. – P. 173-180. – DOI: 10.1097/UPJ.0000000000000291.Scovell, J. M., Carroll, P. R., Klein, E. A., Nguyen, H. G., & Jones, J. S. (2022). IsoPSA® reduces provider recommendations for biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging in men with total prostate-specific antigen ≥ 4 ng/ml: A real-world observational clinical utility study. Urology Practice, 9(2), 173-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/UPJ.0000000000000291.Klein E. A., Partin A., Lotan Y., et al. Clinical validation of IsoPSA, a single parameter, structurefocused assay for improved detection of prostate cancer: A prospective, multicenter study // Urologic Oncology. – 2022. – Vol. 40(9). – P. 408.e9-408. e18. – DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.06.002.Klein, E. A., Partin, A., Lotan, Y., et al. (2022). Clinical validation of IsoPSA, a single parameter, structure-focused assay for improved detection of prostate cancer: A prospective, multicenter study. Urologic Oncology, 40(9), 408.e9-408.e18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.06.002.Kennedy A., Hafron J. Incorporation of IsoPSA into clinical practice in the management of elevated prostate-specific antigen based on current guidelines // Reviews in Urology. – 2024. – Vol. 23(3). – P. 63-70.Kennedy, A., & Hafron, J. (2024). Incorporation of IsoPSA into clinical practice in the management of elevated prostate-specific antigen based on current guidelines. Reviews in Urology, 23(3), 63-70.Chang E. K., Gadzinski A. J., Nyame Y. A. Blood and urine biomarkers in prostate cancer: Are we ready for reflex testing in men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen? // Asian Journal of Urology. – 2021. – Vol. 8. – P. 343-353.Chang, E. K., Gadzinski, A. J., & Nyame, Y. A. (2021). Blood and urine biomarkers in prostate cancer: Are we ready for reflex testing in men with an elevated prostate-specific antigen? Asian Journal of Urology, 8, 343-353.Agbetuyi-Tayo P., Gbadebo M., Rotimi O. A., Rotimi S. O. Advancements in biomarkers of prostate cancer: A review // Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment. – 2024. – Vol. 23. – DOI: 10.1177/15330338241290029.Agbetuyi-Tayo, P., Gbadebo, M., Rotimi, O. A., & Rotimi, S. O. (2024). Advancements in biomarkers of prostate cancer: A review. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment, 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15330338241290029.Alarcón-Zendejas A. P., Scavuzzo A., JiménezRíos M. A., et al. The promising role of new molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer: From coding and non-coding genes to artificial intelligence approaches // Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. – 2022. – Vol. 25. – P. 431-443. – DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00537-2.Alarcón-Zendejas, A. P., Scavuzzo, A., Jiménez-Ríos, M. A., et al. (2022). The promising role of new molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer: From coding and non-coding genes to artificial intelligence approaches. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 25, 431-443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-022-00537-2.AI Tool detects prostate cancer more accurately than doctors, UCLA study // UCLA Biomedical AI Research Lab [Website]. – 2025. – URL: https://bair.seas.ucla.edu (Accessed: 22.01.2025).UCLA Biomedical AI Research Lab. (2025). AI tool detects prostate cancer more accurately than doctors. UCLA Biomedical AI Research Lab [Website]. Retrieved January 22, 2025, from https://bair. seas.ucla.edu.Pellicer-Valero O. J., Marenco Jiménez J. L., Gonzalez-Perez V., et al. Deep Learning for fully automatic detection, segmentation, and Gleason Grade estimation of prostate cancer in multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Images // arXiv preprint. – 2022. – DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2103.12650.Pellicer-Valero, O. J., Marenco Jiménez, J. L., Gonzalez-Perez, V., et al. (2022). Deep learning for fully automatic detection, segmentation, and Gleason grade estimation of prostate cancer in multiparametric magnetic resonance images. arXiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2103.12650.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.