<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medinfo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Актуальные проблемы теоретической и клинической медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Actual Problems of Theoretical and Clinical Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2790-1289</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2790-1297</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Казахстанско-Российский медицинский университет</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.64854/2790-1289-2025-50-4-01</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medinfo-850</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПРЕЖДЕВРЕМЕННАЯ СМЕРТНОСТЬ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PREMATURE MORTALITY IN KAZAKHSTAN</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8376-4345</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошербаева</surname><given-names>Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosherbayeva</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>КазНМУ имени С.Д. Асфендиярова, заведующая кафедрой "Политика и менеджмент здравоохранения"</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kosherbaeva.l@kaznmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-1678</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алекенова</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekenova</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">alekenova@zkmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5156-8489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табаров</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabarov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">tabarov_ab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0835-9814</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахтаева</surname><given-names>Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhtayeva</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">akhtaeva_nazgul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9779-2558</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Космуратова</surname><given-names>Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosmuratova</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kosmuratova.raikul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3281-1177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалбек</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalbek</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">aru.zhan08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">НАО «Казахский национальный медицинский университет имени &#13;
С. Д. Асфендиярова»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">НАО «Западно-Казахстанский университет имени Марата Оспанова»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Marat Ospanov West Kazakhstan Medical University<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">РГП на ПХВ «Национальный научный центр развития здравоохранения имени Салидат Каирбековой»<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Salidat Kairbekova National Scientific Center for Health Development<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кошербаева Л., Алекенова Н., Табаров А., Ахтаева Н., Космуратова Р., Камалбек А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кошербаева Л., Алекенова Н., Табаров А., Ахтаева Н., Космуратова Р., Камалбек А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kosherbayeva L., Alekenova N., Tabarov A., Akhtayeva N., Kosmuratova R., Kamalbek A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/850">https://kazrosmedjournal.krmu.edu.kz/jour/article/view/850</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Показатель преждевременной смертности часто служит для оценки эффективности системы здравоохранения. Органы здравоохранения отслеживают его для выявления пробелов, определения приоритетов мер общественного здравоохранения и информирования лиц, принимающих политические решения. В Казахстане преждевременная смертность не была всесторонне проанализирована.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Изучение динамики и структуры преждевременной смертности в Республике Казахстан за период 2014-2021 гг. с оценкой гендерных различий, ведущих причин смерти и изменений на основе возраст-стандартизированных показателей.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Анализ показателей преждевременной смертности проведён на основе данных Национального научного центра развития здравоохранения имени С. Каирбековой за 2014-2021 гг. с учётом пола и причин смерти в соответствии с международным классификатором болезней 10-го пересмотра. Все случаи были сгруппированы в четыре основные категории: неинфекционные заболевания, инфекционные заболевания, материнские и неонатальные причины, а также травмы. Возрастные группы включали интервалы от 0-4 до 70–74 лет. Для обеспечения сопоставимости использовались возраст-стандартизированные коэффициенты смертности (стандарт ОЭСР, 2015 г.). Статистическая обработка данных осуществлялась с использованием программ Microsoft Excel и SPSS.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. С 2014 по 2021 год показатели преждевременной смертности в Казахстане колебались со снижением в большинстве регионов до 2019 года, за которым последовал резкий рост в 2020 и 2021 годах, особенно из-за пандемии COVID-19. Преждевременная смертность от неинфекционных заболеваний снижалась до 2019 года, но выросла в 2020 и 2021 годах. Показатели смертности от инфекционных заболеваний, материнской и неонатальной смертности снижались до 2019 года, затем выросли из-за пандемии. Смертность от травм колебалась, резко увеличившись в 2018 году и снова в 2020 году. Абсолютные изменения показывают снижение смертности от инфекционных и неинфекционных заболеваний, материнской и неонатальной смертности при увеличении смертности от травматизма. Общая преждевременная смертность снизилась на 49 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. С 2014 по 2021 год в Казахстане наблюдались изменения в тенденциях преждевременной смертности, при этом у мужчин постоянно отмечались более высокие показатели. Несмотря на улучшения в здравоохранении, сохраняются значительные гендерные различия в показателях преждевременной смертности. Решение этих проблем требует комплексных стратегий, направленных на улучшение доступа к здравоохранению, борьбу с социальными детерминантами и реализацию гендерно-чувствительной политики для сокращения неравенства.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Premature mortality is often used as an indicator of health system performance. Health authorities track it to identify gaps, prioritize public health measures, and inform policies. In Kazakhstan, premature mortality has not been comprehensively analyzed.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To examine the dynamics and structure of premature mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2014-2021, assessing gender differences, leading causes of death, and changes based on age-standardized indicators.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The analysis of premature mortality indicators was conducted using data from the S. Kairbekova National Scientific Center for Health Development for the period 2014–2021, with consideration of sex and causes of death in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. All cases were grouped into four main categories: non-communicable diseases, communicable diseases, maternal and neonatal causes, and injuries. Age groups ranged from 0-4 to 70-74 years. To ensure comparability, age-standardized mortality rates based on the OECD 2015 standard population were applied. Statistical data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. From 2014 to 2021, premature mortality rates in Kazakhstan fluctuated, declining in most areas until 2019, followed by a sharp increase in 2020 and 2021, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Premature mortality from NCDs declined until 2019, but increased in 2020 and 2021. Mortality from communicable diseases and maternal and neonatal mortality decreased until 2019, then increased due to the pandemic. Injury-related mortality fluctuated, rising sharply in 2018 and again in 2020. Absolute changes show a decrease in mortality from communicable diseases, maternal and neonatal diseases, and NCDs, with an increase in mortality from injuries. Total premature mortality decreased by 49 %.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. From 2014 to 2021, Kazakhstan saw evolving patterns in premature mortality, with men consistently demonstrating higher premature mortality rates, especially from communicable diseases, NCDs, and injuries. Despite improvements in healthcare, significant gender disparities in premature mortality rates persist. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive strategies that focus on improving healthcare access, promoting healthier lifestyles, addressing social determinants, and implementing gender-sensitive policies to reduce inequalities.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Преждевременная смертность</kwd><kwd>политика здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>общественное здравоохранение</kwd><kwd>Казахстан.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Premature mortality</kwd><kwd>health policy</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd><kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kindig, D., &amp; Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health? American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 380-383. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.380</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Источники литературы:</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang, C. Y., Kornas, K., Bornbaum, C., Shuldiner, J., De Prophetis, E., Buajitti, E., Pach, B., &amp; Rosella, L. C. (2023). Mortality-based indicators for measuring health system performance and population health in high-income countries: A systematic review. IJQHC Communications, 3(2), Article lyad010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijcoms/lyad010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katasheva D., Ahmetzhan A., Alekenova N., Ahtaeva N., Nurbaulina Je. Predotvratimaja smertnost' ot onkologicheskih zabolevanij v Aktjubinskoj oblasti // Nauka i Zdravookhranenie [Science &amp; Healthcare]. 2024. Vol.26(6), pp. 28-37. doi 10.34689/SH.2024.26.6.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD. (2009). Health at a glance 2009: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosherbaeva L., Samambaeva A., Boquete Yolanda Pena, Imamatdinova A. Metodologija rascheta predotvratimoj smertnosti na primere serdechno-sosudistyh zabolevanij // Nauka i Zdravoohranenie. 2022. 4(T.24). S. 101-107. doi 10.34689/SH.2022.24.4.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murray, C. J. L., Ezzati, M., Flaxman, A. D., Lim, S., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Naghavi, M., Salomon, J. A., Shibuya, K., Vos, T., Wikler, D., &amp; Lopez, A. D. (2012). GBD 2010: Design, definitions, and metrics. The Lancet, 380(9859), 2063–2066. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61899-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ob utverzhdenii celevyh grupp lic, podlezhashhih skriningovym issledovanijam, a takzhe pravil, ob#ema i periodichnosti provedenija dannyh issledovanij Prikaz i.o. Ministra zdravoohranenija Respubliki Kazahstan ot 30 oktjabrja 2020 goda № KR DSM-174/2020. Zaregistrirovan v Ministerstve justicii Respubliki Kazahstan 2 nojabrja 2020 goda № 21572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. (2016). Targets and indicators for Health 2020. WHO Regional Office for Europe.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y, Freedman ND, Albert PS, et al. Association of Cardiovascular Disease With Premature Mortality in the United States [published correction appears in JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Dec 1;4(12):1301. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5358.]. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(12):1230-1238. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3891</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (Technical report). United Nations.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García MC, Rossen LM, Matthews K, et al. Preventable Premature Deaths from the Five Leading Causes of Death in Nonmetropolitan and Metropolitan Counties, United States, 2010-2022. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2024;73(2):1-11. Published 2024 May 2. doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss7302a1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosella, L. C., O’Neill, M., Fisher, S., Hurst, M., Diemert, L., Kornas, K., Hong, A., &amp; Manuel, D. G. (2020). A study protocol for a predictive algorithm to assess population-based premature mortality risk: Premature Mortality Population Risk Tool (PreMPoRT). Diagnostic and Prognostic Research, 4(1), Article 18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41512-020-00086-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam, S. M. S., Miranda, J. J., Zoungas, S., &amp; Maddison, R. (2024). Premature mortality projections to inform clinical practice and public health priorities. The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific, 44, 101042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. (2021). Health topics: Universal health coverage. World Health Organization.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kindig D, Stoddart G. What is population health? Am J Public Health 2003;93:380–3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam, S. M. S., Miranda, J. J., Zoungas, S., &amp; Maddison, R. (2024). Premature mortality projections to inform clinical practice and public health priorities. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, 44, Article 101042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang, C.Y., Kornas, K., Bornbaum, C., Shuldiner, J., De Prophetis, E., Buajitti, E., Pach, B., &amp; Rosella, L.C. (2016). Mortality-Based Indicators for Measuring Health System Performance and Population Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. IJQHC Communications.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norheim, O. F., Jha, P., Admasu, K., Godal, T., Hum, R. J., Kruk, M. E., Gómez-Dantés, O., Mathers, C. D., Pan, H., Sepúlveda, J., Suraweera, W., Verguet, S., Woldemariam, A. T., Yamey, G., Jamison, D. T., &amp; Peto, R. (2015). Avoiding 40 % of the premature deaths in each country, 2010–2030: Review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN sustainable development goal for health. The Lancet, 385(9964), 239-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61591-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo, Steinberg J., Kahn C., et al. Trends and projections of cause-specific premature mortality in Australia to 2044: a statistical modelling study. Lancet Reg Health Western Pac. 2024;43:100987. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katasheva, D., Akhmetzhan, A., Alekenova, N., Akhtaeva, N., &amp; Nurbau¬lina, E. (2024). Predotvratimaya smertnost’ ot onkologicheskikh zabolevanii v Aktyubinskoi oblasti. Science &amp; Healthcare, 26(6), 28-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34689/SH.2024.26.6.004 (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Megyesiova, S., &amp; Lieskovska, V. (2019). Premature Mortality for Chronic Diseases in the EU Member States. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(20), 4021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosherbaeva, L., Samambaeva, A., Boquete Peña, Y., &amp; Imamatdinova, A. (2022). Metodologiya rascheta predotvratimoi smertnosti na primere serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii. Science &amp; Healthcare, 24(4), 101-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34689/SH.2022.24.4.013 (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murthy SS, Trapani D, Cao B, et al. Premature mortality trends in 183 countries by cancer type, sex, WHO region, and World Bank income level in 2000-19: a retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2024;25(8):969-978. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00274-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Megyesiova, S., &amp; Lieskovska, V. (2019). Premature mortality for chronic diseases in the EU member states. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), Article No. 4021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murray CJL, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, Lim S, Lozano R, Michaud C, Naghavi M, Salomon JA, Shibuya K, Vos T, Wikler D, Lopez AD. Gbd 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. The Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2063–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61899-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murthy, S. S., Trapani, D., Cao, B., Bray, F., Murthy, S., Kingham, T. P., Are, C., &amp; Ilbawi, A. M. (2024). Premature mortality trends in 183 countries by cancer type, sex, WHO region, and World Bank income level in 2000-2019: A retrospective, cross-sectional, population-based study. The Lancet Oncology, 25(8), 969-978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00274-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norheim OF, Jha P, Admasu K, et al. Avoiding 40% of the premature deaths in each country, 2010-30: review of national mortality trends to help quantify the UN sustainable development goal for health. Lancet 2015; 385:239–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen, Y., Freedman, N. D., Albert, P. S., et al. (2019). Association of cardiovascular disease with premature mortality in the United States. JAMA Cardiology, 4(12), 1230-1238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD. Health at a Glance 2009: OECD Indicators. OECD Publishing. 2009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olives, C., Myerson, R., Mokdad, A. H., Murray, C. J., &amp; Lim, S. S. (2013). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in United States counties, 2001–2009. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e60308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olives C, Myerson R, Mokdad AH, Murray CJ, Lim SS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in United States counties, 2001-2009. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060308</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García, M. C., Rossen, L. M., Matthews, K., Guy, G., Trivers, K. F., Thomas, C. C., Schieb, L., &amp; Iademarco, M. F. (2024). Preventable premature deaths from the five leading causes of death in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties, United States, 2010–2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 73(2), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7302a1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polinder S, Meerding WJ, Mulder S, Petridou E, van Beeck E; EUROCOST Reference Group. Assessing the burden of injury in six European countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(1):27-34. doi:10.2471/blt.06.030973</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2020). Ob utverzhdenii tselevykh grupp lits, podlezhashchikh skriningovym issledovaniyam, a takzhe pravil, ob”ema i periodichnosti provedeniya dannykh issledovanii (Order No. QR DSM-174/2020). (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. United Nations: Technical report; 2015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polinder, S., Meerding, W. J., Mulder, S., Petridou, E., van Beeck, E., &amp; EUROCOST Reference Group. (2007). Assessing the burden of injury in six European countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 85(1), 27-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.030973</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization (WHO) . Health Topics/Universal Health Coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; (2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo, Q., Steinberg, J., Kahn, C., Caruana, M., Grogan, P. B., Page, A., Ivers, R., Banks, E., O’Connell, D. L., &amp; Canfell, K. (2024). Trends and projections of cause-specific premature mortality in Australia to 2044: A statistical modelling study. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, 43, Article No.100987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO: Targets and Indicators for Health 2020. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
