ВЛИЯНИЕ НЕБЛАГОПРИЯТНЫХ ФАКТОРОВ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ НА ЧАСТОТУ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ПАТОЛОГИИ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ СРЕДИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ

Заболевания щитовидной железы возникают как из-за внутренних, так и из-за внешних факторов. Изменяющиеся экологические и радиационные условия способствуют росту распространенности и изменению характера заболеваний щитовидной железы. В этом обзоре представлены современные данные о том, как внешние воздействия влияют на структуру и функцию щитовидной железы, включая недавние открытия, механизмы и области, требующие дальнейших исследований.

Цель исследования. Анализ научных источников, которые рассматривают влияние неблагоприятных производственных факторов окружающей среды на функционирование щитовидной железы.

Материалы и методы. Поиск исследований был проведён в электронных базах данных PubMed, Web of Science и Scopus с использованием соответствующих терминов и ключевых слов. Включены только оригинальные наблюдательные исследования, изучающие воздействие вредных факторов окружающей среды на возникновение патологий щитовидной железы.

Результаты. Высокие уровни тяжёлых металлов (Pb, Hg, Cd, As) связаны с повышенным риском рака щитовидной железы. В нефтегазовых регионах у детей выявляется повышенное содержание марганца, бора, ванадия и кремния в волосах, что нарушает усвоение йода и вызывает йододефицит. Кадмий снижает уровень тиреотропного гормона, способствуя развитию гипертиреоза. В районах, подвергшихся радиационному воздействию (например, Чернобыль, Семей), чаще наблюдаются узловые образования и аутоиммунный тиреоидит. Мелкие твердые частицы (PM2.5, PM10) повышают риск рака щитовидной железы, а воздействие загрязнённого воздуха во время беременности изменяет уровень Т4 у новорождённых.

Заключение. Экологические загрязнители, включая тяжёлые металлы, воздействие радиации, промышленные отходы и загрязнители, химические вещества, нарушающие работу эндокринной системы, играют значительную роль в возникновении и прогрессировании заболеваний щитовидной железы. Рост хронических заболеваний, в том числе патологий щитовидной железы, служит маркером экологического загрязнения.

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