LITERATURE REVIEW OF ORAL DISEASES IN CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME

Introduction. Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, is one of the most common genetic disorders and is caused by the presence of an additional copy of chromosome 21. Its prevalence is estimated at approximately 1 case per 750-1000 live births.

Objective. To analyze current data on the characteristics and prevalence of dental diseases in children with Down syndrome.

Materials and Methods. A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY databases, as well as in materials from the World Health Organization, the American Dental Association, and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. The search was performed using the keywords Down syndrome, children, oral health, periodontal disease, dental defects, and their synonyms. The review included publications from 2010 to 2025 in English and Russian. Studies focusing on the oral health status of children with Down syndrome, the prevalence of dental diseases, risk factors, and the characteristics of prevention and treatment were included.

Results. Analysis of publications from 2010 to 2025 showed that a high prevalence of periodontal diseases and frequent craniofacial anomalies characterizes dental pathology in children with Down syndrome. The prevalence of dental caries in this group is reported inconsistently and varies significantly across studies. The studies also indicate that oral health status is associated with morphological features, immune system alterations, and oral hygiene levels.

Conclusions. Children with Down syndrome have an increased risk of dental diseases due to a combination of anatomical and physiological features, immune system disorders, and behavioral factors. The most common pathologies are caries and periodontal diseases, which require early diagnosis and prevention. The effectiveness of preventive measures is ensured by the use of chlorhexidine and adapted toothbrushes. International guidelines emphasize the need for individualized care, frequent dental visits, and coordination with other specialists. Limited confidence of dentists and the lack of specialized care remain the major obstacles. An integrated approach, including educational programs and standardized protocols, can improve the dental health and quality of life of children with Down syndrome.

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