MYOFUNCTIONAL DISORDERS AND DENTAL ANOMALIES AS A RISK FACTOR FOR ADENOID HYPERTROPHY (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

Introduction. This review article examines the role of myofunctional disorders and dentomaxillary anomalies in the development of adenoid hypertrophy, including recurrence after adenotomy. The relevance of this problem is supported by quantitative evidence: a systematic review reported a worldwide prevalence of malocclusion of 56 %, while malocclusions were associated with poorer oral health-related quality of life (RR/PR = 1.15; 95 % CI: 1.12–1.18; 3672 participants). In pediatric samples, malocclusion was found in 49.1 % of children aged 8–10 years, and mouth breathing was associated with transverse malocclusion (PR = 6.15; 95 % CI: 2.96–12.80).

Objective: To analyze literary sources on the role of myofunctional disorders and dentomaxillary anomalies in the development of hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil.

Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical review of sources from Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and eLIBRARY scientific databases for 2019–2024. Key classical sources outside this period were also included. The final review included 92 publications that met the predefined eligibility criteria.

Results. The reviewed evidence indicates that adenoid hypertrophy, impaired nasal breathing, mouth breathing, myofunctional disorders, and dentomaxillary anomalies are closely interrelated. Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil is a common disease of the ear, nose and throat among children aged 6 years; in frequently ill children, it is reported in 70ө90 % of cases. Oral or mixed breathing associated with adenoid hypertrophy may be accompanied by articulation disorders, with speech defects reported in 81.7 % of children with breathing disorders. Although recurrent surgery is relatively uncommon, one large retrospective study reported a revision adenoidectomy rate of 0.55 %, and 21 % of revision cases were associated with tubal tonsil hyperplasia rather than true adenoid regrowth.

Conclusions: The conducted analysis of literary data provides grounds for concluding that preventing recurrence after adenotomy is clinically important and should include an interdisciplinary, comprehensive approach to postoperative management. Such an approach should combine otorhinolaryngological follow-up, early orthodontic assessment, correction of persistent mouth breathing and dentomaxillary anomalies, and myofunctional or speech therapy when indicated.

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