In the context of the modernization of the healthcare system, all countries of the world, regardless of the current model of the national healthcare system and its development, face identical global problems in the field of public health protection.
The global problem of health and longevity is largely a derivative of other global problems that cause diseases, contribute to their spread, reduce the working and reproductive age of a p erson and his life expectancy.

ABS shifts occur with the loss or accumulation of acids and bases, that is, due to changes in the concentration of [H+] in body fluids and tissues. The buffer capacity of blood and tissues is limited by the total number of buffer systems. pH shifts occur if the disturbing factors exceed the limits of the possibilities of homeostatic parameters in their intensity. The effect of the disturbing factor can be short-term or long-term, moderate or pronounced. Insufficient reserve capacity leads to the development of acidosis or alkalosis. According to the mechanism of occurrence, ABS shifts can be non-respiratory and respiratory.
In various pathological processes, serious violations of the acid-base state occur, combined, as a rule, with violations of the water - electrolyte balance. The acid-base state is one of the most important components of organismic homeostasis. It is known that all processes in the body, namely, the activity of enzymes, the direction and intensity of redox reactions, the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, receptor sensitivity, membrane permeability, organ function largely depend on the ratio of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the internal environment of the body. The maintenance of these ions at an optimal level is provided by homeostatic mechanisms that prevent the pH shift of the blood. These include buffer physico - chemical and physiological systems.
Clinically, these changes are manifested by disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous, and muscular systems. pH shifts in the range of more than 0.9 are life-threatening. Severe forms of violations of acid - base, water and electrolyte balance can become the direct cause of death of the patient.

In this article, the author introduces the reader to such important concepts for clinicians as non-respiratory and respiratory acidosis. For the successful treatment of severe patients, possession of this knowledge is absolutely necessary. And this applies not only to doctors of intensive care wards, but also t o general practitioners.
Under physiological conditions, acidic decomposition products are constantly formed in the body (lactic, pyruvic, sulfuric, phosphoric, uric-oxybutyric, acetoacetic, free fatty acids, acids, amino acids, acetone). However, metabolic acidosis does not develop due to the inclusion of tissue homeostatic mechanisms that ensure the neutralization of these substances and excretion. The daily production of acidic metabolites is approximately 15,000 – 20,000 mmol. Depending on the cause, there are two forms of alkalosis – non-respiratory and respiratory.
The author introduces the reader to the clinical manifestations of metabolic and respiratory disorders and the principles of correction of these conditions.

Functional nutritionincludesfood items enriched withnatural ingredients (including symbiotic bacteria, dietary fibers, vitamins) with the pre-determined protection properties, whichmaintains physical health and reduces the risk of various diseases in case of daily use. Over the past years, on the basis of a number of randomized, controlled trials, the effectiveness of a number of non-thermized foods containing probiotic strains has been proven for pathologies of the digestive system.

Respiratory alkalosis is a consequence of hyperventilation. There is a rapid removal of CO2 from the blood, and the pCO2 in the blood becomes below 35 mm Hg. The article examines the causes of respiratory alkalosis, reveals the mechanism of the damaging effect of this condition on the body during decompensation and the chronic nature of the course.
The mechanisms of compensation of respiratory alkalosis are revealed. The main physiological mechanism of compensation is renal. Clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis and laboratory indicators indicating its development are given. The principles of correction of respiratory alkalosis are also highlighted.

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by an increase in the concentration in the blood [H+] due to the retention of CO2 in the body. Normally, 15,000-20,000 moles of CO2 are formed in the body per day. Hypercapnia, the inability of the lungs to remove CO2 from the body and deliver O2 to the blood is the cause of respiratory acidosis. The basis of the development of this form of acidosis is respiratory failure of any genesis. The author reveals the mechanisms of compensation for respiratory acidosis, clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis.
Compensation mechanisms and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic respiratory acidosis have differences, which the author of the article dwells on in detail. In conclusion, the principles of correction of respiratory acidosis are highlighted

This article presents a comparative characteristic of scientific and medical information availability based on the results of practical healthcare specialists in the provinces of our republic. New libraries creation, the expansion of the existing scientific and medical libraries funds and acquisition of private libraries as well are hereby recommended

Schizophrenia is one of the socially significant, disabling diseases. About one percent of the world's population, including in Kazakhstan, suffers from schizophrenia. The start of the disease, most often happens at a young age - from 18 to 25 years old, a young age is also the beginning of manifestations of deviant processes in the form of use of various psychoactive substances. The use of psychoactive substances can be the starting mechanism for the formation of manifest endogenous psychosis, can be integrated into the endogenous process and alter the clinical picture of the disease, which complicates the diagnostic process for practicing physicians and complicates the solution of social and rehabilitation issues for patients suffering from comorbid mental disorders in the form of schizophrenia and mental and behavioral disorders caused by the use of psychoactive substances.
The purpose: define relevance in patients with schizophrenia complicated by addiction to new drugs.

During the examination for antibodies to proteins of the «thorns» and nucleocapsid zone in a group of self-reversing patients, the dependence of the formation of a stable immune response and the severity of the disease on the ability and rate of production of antibodies in those infected with SARS-Co V-2 to proteins of both virus zones was revealed.

Background. Platelet and white blood cell rich plasma (PLRP) therapy is a newly developed method that uses autologous plasma to improve and accelerate bone healing.
Purpose. To determine the level of safety and effectiveness of the technique using plasma enriched with platelets and white blood cells.
Materials and methods. A search was performed using PUBMED, Cochrane, and web of Science databases. The search was performed using keywords with no language restrictions.
Relevance. Therapy in bone defects is a serious challenge for a trauma Clinician. Bone defects often develop with severe trauma or as a result of large volume resections as a result of pathologies such as tumors or bone infection.
Conclusion. Despite the existing advantages, the use of PLRP technology is not fully justified. It is necessary to perform many more high-quality clinical trials that will finally put an end to the effectiveness of the method.

The aim of this study was to evaluate where magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography can accurately demonstrate the presence, extent, and type of choledochal cysts. Eight patients with sonographically suspected choledochal cysts were evaluated with 2D and 3D FASE MR cholangiography technique. The presence, extent, and type of choledochal cyst were determined. MR cholangiographic findings were correlated with the gold standard of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and surgery in all patients, with CN in five. All MR cholangiograms were correlated with findings at surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography or CT. There were six Todani type I and one Todani type IV choledochal cysts. The extent of involvement was correctly demonstrated on all MR cholangiograms. Calculi and sludge were correctly identified on the MR cross-sectional images in four patients but were not seen on MR cholangiograms in one. In one patient with an initially misinterpreted choledochal cyst, MR sectional images showed the typical appearance of a hydatid cyst, which was confirmed at surgery. MR cholangiography can be used to confirm the diagnosis of choledochal cysts and define the extent of involvement preoperatively. Non-biliary cysts such as a hydatid cyst can mimic a choledochal cyst on the MR cholangiogram and should be correlated with the MR cross-sectional images to avoid misinterpretation.

In the United States, about 75 million people suffer from hypertension. About 81% of these people are aware that they have hypertension, only 75% receive treatment and only 51% adequately control blood pressure. Among adults, hypertension is more common in African Americans (41%) than in Caucasians (28%) or Mexican Americans (28%), and African Americans have higher morbidity and mortality.
Blood pressure increases with age. Approximately two - thirds of people > 65 years of age suffer from hypertension, and people with normal blood pressure at the age of 55 have a 90% risk of developing hypertension. Since an increase in blood pressure becomes so common with age, it may seem harmless, but high blood pressure increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Hypertension before pregnancy, or developing during pregnancy, has its own characteristics (see hypertension during pregnancy and preeclampsia and eclampsia).
Blood pressure in adults is classified as normal, elevated blood pressure, stage 1 (mild) or stage 2 hypertension (see the table Classification of Blood Pressure in Adults [Classification of Blood Pressure in Adults]). Normal blood pressure in infants and adolescents is much lower [4].

The aim of our study was to determine the role of MR cholangiography in the noninvasive examination of patients with biliaryenteric anastomoses. 15 (8 and 7 women) with biliaryenteric anastomoses underwent MR cholangiography. Imaging studies were performed because of scheduled follow-up, persistent jaundice, cholangitis and abnormal liver function, and a combination of transient jaundice, epigastric pain, and abnormal liver function. The degree of bile duct dilatation was correctly assessed in all patients. MR cholangiography correctly showed bile duct irregularities in with cholangitis, anastomotic strictures in all patients with strictures and 5- to 15-mm stones. The authors conclude, MR cholangiography is a reliable imaging technique for the examina tion of patients with biliary-enteric anastomoses.